scholarly journals Family Structure in the Siberian Jay as Revealed by Microsatellite Analyses

The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Göran Lillandt ◽  
Staffan Bensch ◽  
Torbjörn von Schantz

Abstract The Siberian Jay (Perisoreus infaustus) lives in resident, territorial family groups outside the breeding season, but does not breed cooperatively. Thereby it offers an opportunity to study the evolution of territorial group living, without confounding effects of reproductive cooperation. During a long-term study in Finland 1974–2000, we observed Siberian Jay group composition in autumn. Using microsatellite analysis based on feather or blood samples we clarified kin relations within the groups. We found that out of 311 groups that included at least one more individual than the territory holders, 74% were nuclear families, including breeding birds and 1–3 retained offspring. However, 26% of the groups were not families, but consisted of pairs accompanied only by individuals that were not their offspring. According to extensive pedigrees we found that 70% of the 82 immatures associated with a nonparent pair were not related to either territory holder. Of these 82 immatures, 91% were associated with pairs that had no offspring on their own, suggesting that they were failed breeders or newly established pairs. The composition of groups was mostly unchanged during the observation period within each season, regardless of kinship. Previous studies have reported apparent nepotism between parents and retained offspring in the Siberian Jay, and a high degree of aggression toward nonoffspring, so we did not expect to find such high frequency and remarkable within-season stability of nonfamily groups. These observations suggest that there are important fitness benefits to gain from territoriality and group living, regardless of kinship. Estructura Familiar en Perisoreus infaustus Determinada Mediante Análisis de Microsatélites Resumen. Los individuos de la especie Perisoreus infaustus viven en grupos familiares residentes que son territoriales durante la época reproductiva, pero no exhiben cría cooperativa. Así, esta especie ofrece la oportunidad de estudiar la evolución del sistema de vida en grupos territoriales sin los efectos de la cooperación reproductiva. Observamos la composición de grupos de P. infaustus en el otoño durante un estudio a largo plazo en Finlandia (1974–2000), y con base en muestras de plumas o sangre, clarificamos las relaciones de parentesco al interior de los grupos mediante análisis de microsatélites. Encontramos que de 311 grupos que incluían al menos un individuo adicional a los dueños del territorio, el 74% eran núcleos familiares, incluyendo aves reproductivas y 1–3 crías. Sin embargo, el 26% de los grupos no correspondían a familias, sino que consistían de parejas acompañadas sólo por individuos que no eran sus crías. Utilizando pedigríes detallados, encontramos que el 70% de los 82 inmaduros asociados con una pareja no parental no estaban relacionados con ninguno de los dueños del territorio. De esos 82 inmaduros, el 91% estuvieron asociados con parejas que no tenían crías propias, lo que sugiere que habían tenido intentos de reproducción fallidos o que se habían establecido recientemente. La composición de los grupos se mantuvo casi constante durante el período de observación de cada estación, independientemente del grado de parentesco. Estudios previos habían reportado un aparente nepotismo entre parentales y sus crías y un alto grado de agresividad hacia individuos que no eran sus crías en P. infaustus, por lo que no esperábamos una frecuencia tan alta de grupos no familiares, ni la marcada estabilidad de éstos. Estas observaciones sugieren que la territorialidad y la vida en grupo proveen beneficios importantes de adecuación biológica, independientemente del grado de parentesco.

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1941) ◽  
pp. 20202655
Author(s):  
Gregory F. Albery ◽  
Chris Newman ◽  
Julius Bright Ross ◽  
David W. MacDonald ◽  
Shweta Bansal ◽  
...  

Animals living at high population densities commonly experience greater exposure to disease, leading to increased parasite burdens. However, social animals can benefit immunologically and hygienically from cooperation, and individuals may alter their socio-spatial behaviour in response to infection, both of which could counteract density-related increases in exposure. Consequently, the costs and benefits of sociality for disease are often uncertain. Here, we use a long-term study of a wild European badger population ( Meles meles ) to investigate how within-population variation in host density determines infection with multiple parasites. Four out of five parasite taxa exhibited consistent spatial hotspots of infection, which peaked among badgers living in areas of low local population density. Combined movement, survival, spatial and social network analyses revealed that parasite avoidance was the likely cause of this negative density dependence, with possible roles for localized mortality, encounter-dilution effects, and micronutrient-enhanced immunity. These findings demonstrate that animals can organize their societies in space to minimize parasite infection, with important implications for badger behavioural ecology and for the control of badger-associated diseases.


Cephalalgia ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo De Romanis ◽  
M Gabriella Buzzi ◽  
Salvatore Assenza ◽  
Livia Brusa ◽  
Rosanna Cerbo

Basilar migraine is characterized by headache preceded by prodromal symptoms and signs of posterior cerebral circulation dysfunction. Few studies have focused on EEG findings in this condition or on the prognosis of occipital spike-wave complexes observed in either migraine or epilepsy. We now report a long-term follow-up (8–16 years) in seven children affected by basilar migraine who had EEG findings of occipital spike-wave complexes. Basilar migraine resolved and the EEG became normal in all subjects during the observation period, as did migraine with aura and seizures which developed in some of the patients after basilar migraine attacks ceased.


Author(s):  
Gregory F Albery ◽  
Chris Newman ◽  
Julius Bright Ross ◽  
Shweta Bansal ◽  
Christina Buesching

AbstractAnimals living at high population densities commonly experience greater exposure to disease, leading to increased parasite burdens. However, social animals can benefit immunologically and hygienically from cooperation, and individuals may alter their socio-spatial behaviour in response to infection, both of which could counteract density-related increases in exposure. Consequently, the costs and benefits of sociality for disease are often uncertain. Here, we use a long-term study of a wild European badger population (Meles meles) to investigate how within-population variation in host density determines infection with multiple parasites. Four out of five parasite taxa exhibited consistent spatial hotspots of infection, which peaked among badgers living in areas of low local population density. Combined movement, survival, spatial, and social network analyses revealed that parasite avoidance was the likely cause of this negative density dependence, with possible roles for localised mortality, encounter-dilution effects, and micronutrient-enhanced immunity. These findings demonstrate that animals can organise their societies in space to minimise parasite infection, with important implications for badger behavioural ecology and for the control of badger-associated diseases.


2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
A. A. Gulyaeva ◽  
E. V. Bezlepkina ◽  
T. N. Berlova ◽  
A. A. Galkova ◽  
I. N. Efremov

The article presents the results of a long-term study in the conditions of the Orel region of seven varieties of sour cherry, bred in diff erent years in the Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture: Naumovskaya, Zarya Tatarii, Pamyat Sakharova, Truzhenitsa Tatarii, Tveritinovskaya, Shakirovskaya and Sevastyanovskaya. The varieties were graft ed in stone fruit stands of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crops Breeding (RRIFCB, Orel) in 2009. The study was conducted in order to determine the suitability of growing of indicated varieties in the conditions of the Orel region and the possibility of its recommending as sources of economically valuable traits for breeding. The RRIFCB Businka variety was used as a control accession. The study was started in 2010 and lasted until 2018 inclusive. According to the results of research, it was found that all the studied varieties in general correspond to the natural conditions of the Oryol region and can be successfully cultivated in this region. Individual varieties were positively distinguished by a number of parameters. The varieties Pamyat Sakharova and Naumovskaya had the highest fl owering among all the studied accessions. The maximum general degree of fl owering and fruiting stood out for the Truzhenitsa Tatarii variety. Among the studied accessions, all showed a high degree of resistance to the main fungal diseases of this zone – coccomycosis and moniliosis – and did not show a lesion stronger than 2.0 points. Winter hardiness was also relatively high among all the studied accessions, but the varieties Tveritinovskaya, Pamyat Sakharova, and the control variety Businka showed themselves best on this trait. Varieties Sevastyanovskaya and Pamyat Sakharova showed the highest degree of general condition. The variety Pamyat Sakharova, which showed the most positive results in the majority of the studied parameters, can be recommended for cultivation in the production conditions of the Orel region and for further breeding research on sour cherry.


2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
DAMIAN MCNAMARA
Keyword(s):  

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