scholarly journals Negative density-dependent parasitism in a group-living carnivore

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1941) ◽  
pp. 20202655
Author(s):  
Gregory F. Albery ◽  
Chris Newman ◽  
Julius Bright Ross ◽  
David W. MacDonald ◽  
Shweta Bansal ◽  
...  

Animals living at high population densities commonly experience greater exposure to disease, leading to increased parasite burdens. However, social animals can benefit immunologically and hygienically from cooperation, and individuals may alter their socio-spatial behaviour in response to infection, both of which could counteract density-related increases in exposure. Consequently, the costs and benefits of sociality for disease are often uncertain. Here, we use a long-term study of a wild European badger population ( Meles meles ) to investigate how within-population variation in host density determines infection with multiple parasites. Four out of five parasite taxa exhibited consistent spatial hotspots of infection, which peaked among badgers living in areas of low local population density. Combined movement, survival, spatial and social network analyses revealed that parasite avoidance was the likely cause of this negative density dependence, with possible roles for localized mortality, encounter-dilution effects, and micronutrient-enhanced immunity. These findings demonstrate that animals can organize their societies in space to minimize parasite infection, with important implications for badger behavioural ecology and for the control of badger-associated diseases.

Author(s):  
Gregory F Albery ◽  
Chris Newman ◽  
Julius Bright Ross ◽  
Shweta Bansal ◽  
Christina Buesching

AbstractAnimals living at high population densities commonly experience greater exposure to disease, leading to increased parasite burdens. However, social animals can benefit immunologically and hygienically from cooperation, and individuals may alter their socio-spatial behaviour in response to infection, both of which could counteract density-related increases in exposure. Consequently, the costs and benefits of sociality for disease are often uncertain. Here, we use a long-term study of a wild European badger population (Meles meles) to investigate how within-population variation in host density determines infection with multiple parasites. Four out of five parasite taxa exhibited consistent spatial hotspots of infection, which peaked among badgers living in areas of low local population density. Combined movement, survival, spatial, and social network analyses revealed that parasite avoidance was the likely cause of this negative density dependence, with possible roles for localised mortality, encounter-dilution effects, and micronutrient-enhanced immunity. These findings demonstrate that animals can organise their societies in space to minimise parasite infection, with important implications for badger behavioural ecology and for the control of badger-associated diseases.


2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (7) ◽  
pp. 1445-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. DELAHAY ◽  
N. WALKER ◽  
G. S. SMITH ◽  
D. WILKINSON ◽  
R. S. CLIFTON-HADLEY ◽  
...  

SUMMARYWe describe epidemiological trends in Mycobacterium bovis infection in an undisturbed wild badger (Meles meles) population. Data were derived from the capture, clinical sampling and serological testing of 1803 badgers over 9945 capture events spanning 24 years. Incidence and prevalence increased over time, exhibiting no simple relationship with host density. Potential explanations are presented for a marked increase in the frequency of positive serological test results. Transmission rates (R0) estimated from empirical data were consistent with modelled estimates and robust to changes in test sensitivity and the spatial extent of the population at risk. The risk of a positive culture or serological test result increased with badger age, and varied seasonally. Evidence consistent with progressive disease was found in cubs. This study demonstrates the value of long-term data and the repeated application of imperfect diagnostic tests as indices of infection to reveal epidemiological trends in M. bovis infection in badgers.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Mishra ◽  
Partha Pratim Chakraborty ◽  
Sutirth Dey

ABSTRACTIn many organisms, dispersal varies with the local population density. Such patterns of density-dependent dispersal (DDD) are expected to shape the dynamics, spatial spread and invasiveness of populations. Despite their ecological importance, empirical evidence for the evolution of DDD patterns remains extremely scarce. This is especially relevant because rapid evolution of dispersal traits has now been empirically confirmed in several taxa. Changes in DDD of dispersing populations could help clarify not only the role of DDD in dispersal evolution, but also the possible pattern of subsequent range expansion. Here, we investigate the relationship between dispersal evolution and DDD using a long-term experimental evolution study on Drosophila melanogaster. We compared the DDD patterns of four dispersal-selected populations and their non-selected controls. The control populations showed negative DDD, which was stronger in females than in males. In contrast, the dispersal-selected populations showed density-independent dispersal, where neither males nor females exhibited DDD. We compare our results with previous evolutionary predictions that focused largely on positive DDD, and highlight how the direction of evolutionary change depends on the initial DDD pattern of a population. Finally, we discuss the implications of DDD evolution for spatial ecology and evolution.


The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Göran Lillandt ◽  
Staffan Bensch ◽  
Torbjörn von Schantz

Abstract The Siberian Jay (Perisoreus infaustus) lives in resident, territorial family groups outside the breeding season, but does not breed cooperatively. Thereby it offers an opportunity to study the evolution of territorial group living, without confounding effects of reproductive cooperation. During a long-term study in Finland 1974–2000, we observed Siberian Jay group composition in autumn. Using microsatellite analysis based on feather or blood samples we clarified kin relations within the groups. We found that out of 311 groups that included at least one more individual than the territory holders, 74% were nuclear families, including breeding birds and 1–3 retained offspring. However, 26% of the groups were not families, but consisted of pairs accompanied only by individuals that were not their offspring. According to extensive pedigrees we found that 70% of the 82 immatures associated with a nonparent pair were not related to either territory holder. Of these 82 immatures, 91% were associated with pairs that had no offspring on their own, suggesting that they were failed breeders or newly established pairs. The composition of groups was mostly unchanged during the observation period within each season, regardless of kinship. Previous studies have reported apparent nepotism between parents and retained offspring in the Siberian Jay, and a high degree of aggression toward nonoffspring, so we did not expect to find such high frequency and remarkable within-season stability of nonfamily groups. These observations suggest that there are important fitness benefits to gain from territoriality and group living, regardless of kinship. Estructura Familiar en Perisoreus infaustus Determinada Mediante Análisis de Microsatélites Resumen. Los individuos de la especie Perisoreus infaustus viven en grupos familiares residentes que son territoriales durante la época reproductiva, pero no exhiben cría cooperativa. Así, esta especie ofrece la oportunidad de estudiar la evolución del sistema de vida en grupos territoriales sin los efectos de la cooperación reproductiva. Observamos la composición de grupos de P. infaustus en el otoño durante un estudio a largo plazo en Finlandia (1974–2000), y con base en muestras de plumas o sangre, clarificamos las relaciones de parentesco al interior de los grupos mediante análisis de microsatélites. Encontramos que de 311 grupos que incluían al menos un individuo adicional a los dueños del territorio, el 74% eran núcleos familiares, incluyendo aves reproductivas y 1–3 crías. Sin embargo, el 26% de los grupos no correspondían a familias, sino que consistían de parejas acompañadas sólo por individuos que no eran sus crías. Utilizando pedigríes detallados, encontramos que el 70% de los 82 inmaduros asociados con una pareja no parental no estaban relacionados con ninguno de los dueños del territorio. De esos 82 inmaduros, el 91% estuvieron asociados con parejas que no tenían crías propias, lo que sugiere que habían tenido intentos de reproducción fallidos o que se habían establecido recientemente. La composición de los grupos se mantuvo casi constante durante el período de observación de cada estación, independientemente del grado de parentesco. Estudios previos habían reportado un aparente nepotismo entre parentales y sus crías y un alto grado de agresividad hacia individuos que no eran sus crías en P. infaustus, por lo que no esperábamos una frecuencia tan alta de grupos no familiares, ni la marcada estabilidad de éstos. Estas observaciones sugieren que la territorialidad y la vida en grupo proveen beneficios importantes de adecuación biológica, independientemente del grado de parentesco.


2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
DAMIAN MCNAMARA
Keyword(s):  

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