Fathers' Multiple-Partner Fertility and Children's Educational Outcomes

Fathers' multiple-partner fertility (MPF) is associated with substantially worse educational outcomes for children. We focus on children in fathers' second families that are nuclear: households consisting of a man, a woman, their joint children, and no other children. We analyze outcomes for almost 75,000 Norwegian children, all of whom lived in nuclear families until at least age 18. Children with MPF fathers are more likely than other children from nuclear families to drop out of secondary school (24% vs. 17%) and less likely to obtain a bachelor's degree (44% vs. 51%). These gaps remain substantial—at 4 and 5 percentage points, respectively—after we control for child and parental characteristics, such as income, wealth, education, and age. Resource competition with the children in the father's first family does not explain the differences in educational outcomes. We find that the association between a father's previous childless marriage and his children's educational outcomes is similar to that between a father's MPF and his children's educational outcomes. Birth order does not explain these results. This similarity suggests that selection is the primary explanation for the association between fathers' MPF and children's educational outcomes.

Domestic Accidents among the Children in a Selected Rural Area

Background: Children are very prone to accidents which more often occur in and around the house. These domestic accidents are one of the five leading causes of death in both industrialized and developing countries. Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine the proportion and pattern of domestic accidents among the under 15 children of rural areas of Bangladesh. Methodology: This cross-sectional type of descriptive study was carried out from October 2015 to May 2016. Parents of 735 children below 15 years of age from Kaliakair Upazilla under the district of Gazipur were interviewed through a pretested semi structured questionnaire. The study place was selected conveniently and the sampling technique was purposive type of nonprobability sampling. Results: The present study revealed that, about one fourth (23.4 %)of the 735children were affected by domestic accidents.Among them injuries from sharp objects and falls from heights were equal (33.1% each) and were the leading causes of domestic accidents. The next leading cause was due to burns (8.7%) and then burns from hot liquids were 7.6%,Injuries from blunt objects were 6.4% and drowning were 4.1%. Kerosene poisoning (0.6%), insect bites (0.6%) and snakebites (0.6%) had the lowest incidence. Majority (53.7%) of the children in this study were male and 46.3% were female and their mean age was 7.05 (±3.842)years. Mean age of the affected children was 7.66 (±3.583) years and age group of 7-9 years were largely (29.1%) affected.Male children were affected more (59.3%) than female children.The children of class IV were affected mostly (48.8%). Most of the children of the study as well as the affected children belonged to nuclear families (61.8% & 65.7% respectively). The mean monthly family income of the respondents was 17260.82 (± 12726.70)taka and that of the affected group was 17125(±13303.60)taka. Children living in semi pucca house affected by domestic accidents more (65.1%) than children living in other housing. Most (56.4%) of the accidents occurred in the surroundings of the house and the rest (43.6%) occurred inside the house. Maximum (32.55%) accidents took place in winter, whereas 30.23% in summer, 23.25% in the rainy season, 6.4% in autumn, 6.4% in late autumn, & 1.17% in spring. All the 7 cases of drowning occurred in rainy season. It was found that only 6.98% of affected children suffered from disabilities. Among the affected children 59.8% took treatment and 7% children took preventive measures. Conclusion: From this study it was concluded that nearly a quarter of the children were affected by domestic accidents and the leading causes of the accidents were injuries from sharp objects and falls from heights. To build up awareness and explore the situation in detail, in depth community based epidemiological study may be carried out by covering whole population. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2020; 12(2): 100-108

(Con)figurações femininas nos desvãos da ordem patriarcal: uma leitura feminista de A vida sonhada das boas esposas, de Possidónio Cachapa / (Con)figurations in the Patriarchal Breaks: A Feminist Reading of A vida sonhada das boas esposas, by Possidónio Cachapa

Resumo: Fundamentando a investigação no feminismo decolonial (LUGONES, 2020; VÈRGES, 2019), o propósito deste trabalho é empreender uma discussão acerca do modo como se apresentam personagens femininas e as relações de gênero no século XXI no romance português contemporâneo A vida sonhada das boas esposas (2019), de Possidónio Cachapa. As personagens femininas constituem o fio condutor de uma narrativa situada em um Portugal cosmopolita contemporâneo que, embora interligado pelas tecnologias das redes sociais, mantém resquícios de ditames que remetem aos ideais de família nuclear propagados pelo Estado Novo (1933-1974). Assim, discurso e poder patriarcal perpassam e são determinantes das relações sociais da narrativa, sobretudo as que envolvem a protagonista Madalena que, apenas após a morte do marido, percebe-se como sujeito e passa a experimentar a vida desse novo lugar, a partir do qual estabelece relacionamentos próprios e não mais circunscritos ao seu papel social de esposa. Considera-se o feminismo como pressuposto filosófico do romance uma vez que a narrativa aponta, por meio das figurações femininas, para modelos existenciais múltiplos. Trata-se, portanto, de uma inscrição de modelos existenciais diversos no lugar da tradicional identidade feminina única, fixa e presa aos papéis de gênero estabelecidos por uma ordem patriarcal que, não obstante, ainda apresenta vestígios de um pensamento colonial.Palavras-chave: feminino; figuração; feminismo; Possidónio Cachapa.Abstract: Supporting the investigation in Decolonial Feminism (LUGONES, 2020; VÈRGES, 2019), this work aims to lead a discussion about how female characters as well as gender relations in the 21st century are presented in the contemporary Portuguese novel A vida sonhada das boas esposas (2019), by Possidónio Cachapa. The female characters compose the thread of a narrative placed in a cosmopolitan and contemporary Portugal that, while connected by the social media technologies, shows traces of the Novo Estado (1933-1974) diktat ideals about nuclear families. Therefore, the patriarchal discourse and power are determining of the social relations in the narrative, mainly the ones involving the protagonist Madalena who, only after her husband’s death, realizes she is a subject and comes to experience life in this new place where she establishes her own relationships no longer based on her social wife role. Feminism is considered the philosophical foundation of the novel once it points to multiple existential models through female figuration. Consequently, it is an inscription of diverse existential models instead of the fixed gender roles established by a patriarchal order. Nevertheless, there are still vestiges of a colonial thought.Keywords: female; figuration; feminism; Possidónio Cachapa.

Application of E-Pharmacies in India

Consumer convenience and access are improved through E-pharmacy. This will mostly benefit chronic old patients living in nuclear families, as well as people who are unable to travel to a pharmacy. E-pharmacy also offers competitive prices, making drugs more affordable to those who are less well-off. Consumers in India focused on staying indoors after the COVID-19 lockdown was announced, which forced people to go digital, whether to pay bills or contact doctors. There are no exceptions when it comes to e-pharmacies. Brick-and-mortar pharmacies' home delivery of medicines has also increased. The aim of this paper is to discover and experimentally validate the many characteristics that influence customer acceptance, usage, and intent to suggest E-pharmacy for pharmaceutical purchases. This paper also aims to identify the factors that influence customers on choosing between the various e-pharmacies (PharmEasy, Tata 1mg, Net Meds, Apollo 24x7) providing their service in the market. For this research, the information from 106 respondents was collected and it was found that factors like ease of buying, discounts, user experience, customer care, and availability of the medicines/healthcare products influences their buying behaviour.

‘Gender Activists Will Kidnap Your Kids’: The Construction of Feminist and LGBT+ Rights Activists as Modern Folk Devils in Czech Anti-Gender Campaigns

This chapter examines how internet forums such as Facebook can be used in creating and spreading misleading stories and stimulating fear and panic. With the example of the Czech society, the author analyses various web forums that are based on anti-LGBT rights and anti-feminist ideologies, promoting these as threats to nuclear families and traditional gender norms. The text shows the paradoxical portrayal of LGBT activists as, on the one hand, freaks living on the fringe of society, not much more than a laughing stock, and, on the other hand, as a threat with the potential power to destroy traditional values in Czech society.

Socio demographic, clinical, and side effect profile of patients on clozapine in Kashmir, North India

Background Clozapine is an atypical second-generation antipsychotic belonging to the family of dibenzodiazepines. There is lack of literature on clozapine from this part of the world. So, our aim was to study the socio demographic, clinical and side effect profile of patients on clozapine in Kashmir. Results The mean age of the study group was 32.6 ± 8.9 years with majority being males (78.4%), unmarried (78.4%), unemployed (77.2%), and belonging to nuclear families (77.2%). Almost half of them resided in urban localities (51.1%) and studied upto middle school (55.7%). Around three- fourth (75%) of the patients had diagnosis of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The mean dose of clozapine was 338.92 ± 158.11 mgs. Sedation (76.1%), hypersalivation (69.5%), constipation (46.6%), and weight gain (34.1%) were most common side effects noted in patients. 4.5% cases developed seizures while on clozapine. 2.3% patients developed agranulocytosis while 4.5% patients developed neutropenia on clozapine. The neutropenia was more pronounced in patients of schizophrenia with suicidal tendencies with doses of more than 400 mg. Conclusions We have used clozapine in a wide range of indications. Our patients seem to tolerate and respond to higher doses of clozapine and the prevalence of blood dyscrasias in our study sample was much higher than the rest of India.

Women’s Emancipation from Slavery in Africa in the 19th and 20th Centuries

Women were the majority of enslaved people in Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries. Slavery was transformed and expanded in the context of so-called “legitimate commerce” that followed the abolition of oceanic slave trading. Abolition proclamations followed, in British colonies in the 1830s, and elsewhere from the 1870s through much of the 20th century, but abolition did not equate to freedom. Gender was at the heart of emancipation everywhere. Colonial merchants and officials colluded with local male elites to ensure the least disruption possible to the status quo. For these male allies, emancipation was a contradiction in terms for women, because masculine authority and control over women was assumed. In many regions, it was difficult for Europeans to distinguish between marriage, pawnship, and slavery. Women engaged strategically with colonial institutions like the courts over such distinctions to assert some form of control over their own lives, labor, and bodies. Where slavery and marriage were categorically distinct, again women might engage with Western gender stereotypes of marriage to extricate themselves from the authority of former slaveholders, or they might withdraw their labor by fleeing from the farms. Whereas for Europeans women were ideally defined as subservient wives within nuclear families, for many women themselves motherhood and access to their children were key to struggles toward emancipation. Women’s decisions about their emancipation were influenced by many factors, including whether or not they were mothers, if they were born into slavery or enslaved as children or adults, their experiences of coercion and cruelty including sexual violence, their status within the slaveholding, and their relationships of dependency and support. Topography and location mattered; urban contexts offered different kinds of post-slavery opportunity for many, and access to land and other economic opportunities and limitations were critical. The abolition of slavery by European colonial officials did not emancipate women, but it did provide the context in which some women might negotiate or claim their own rights to freedom as they defined it—which in some cases meant walking away from systems of involuntary servitude. Some women engaged colonial officers and institutions directly to demand a change in status, whereas others decided to stay in relationships that, in many cases, were subtly redefined.

Alcohol use and problems related to the Maxakali indigenous peoples' worldview: a cross-sectional census study

Background The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems (AU & ARP) among the Brazilian Maxakali indigenous people, and to examine how the prevalence varies according to sociodemographic characteristics and their associations with these characteristics. Methods A cross-sectional analytical population-based study was conducted with 1,036 Maxakali aged from nine years. A questionnaire was applied to 66 indigenous leaders who responded about alcohol consumption in 2016 and the negative consequences of this consumption among their friends in their villages. The association between consumption and consequences with the sociodemographic data of respondents was examined by applying the chi-square, Fisher's exact, and cluster analysis tests. Kappa values were calculated to assess the reproducibility of the questionnaire. Results The 12-month prevalence of alcohol use was 39.1%. The usage rate for women (17.3%) was 3.6 times lower than the usage rate for men. Male alcohol use rates increase from 8.1–64% in the age group from 09 to 14 to 15 to 19 years old. The highest proportions of alcohol use among mothers and fathers were found in extended families and associated with the negative consequences of those who use cachaça. On the other hand, nuclear families showed an association of protection against alcohol use in the age group of 9 to 14 years in females. Although alcohol use in females starts from 20 to 24 years of age, the rates of problems related to this use in women surpassed those of men during 25 to 45 years of age. Conclusions With the substantial agreement of reproducibility in the application of the questionnaire, we expect that the ease of application and the predictive power of this tool will allow the detection and monitoring of alcohol use and its consequences in the Maxakali people.

Mental Health in Children in the Context of COVID-19: Focus on Discharged Children

Introduction: To date, the mental health consequences of children hospitalized with COVID-19 remain unclear. We aimed to assess mental health status in children in the context of COVID-19, with a focus on discharged children.Methods: We recruited discharged children who recovered from COVID-19 and healthy controls between July and September 2020 in Wuhan Children's Hospital. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and sleep problems were assessed in these children using questionnaires. Univariable and multivariable logistic and linear regressions were conducted to identify risk factors.Results: Totally, there were 152 children (61 discharged children and 91 healthy controls) aged 7–18 years old in our study. An increasing trend in the prevalence of PTSD, anxiety, and depression was observed in the discharged children compared with healthy controls (PTSD: 8.20 vs. 2.20%, anxiety: 22.95 vs. 13.19%; depression: 47.54 vs. 32.97%). Discharged children tended to report more depressive symptoms (β = 0.39) and less sleep problems (β = −0.37). Discharged children who lived in nuclear families and had longer hospital stays were more likely to report depression [odds ratio (OR) = 3.68 and 1.14, respectively]. Anxiety symptoms and the severity of sleep problems of discharged children were positively associated with caregivers' depression and PTSD symptoms (OR = 21.88 and 31.09, respectively).Conclusion: In conclusion, PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms were common among recovered children 4 months after COVID-19 hospitalization. Children from nuclear family and those had longer hospital stays need special attention. In addition, parental mental health had a significant impact on their children's mental resilience and recovery.