Emerging infections represent an enormous challenge to both human and veterinary medicine. Identification of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in various species and in food has raised concerns about the roles of animals in the epidemiology of MRSA. MRSA are a group of gram-positive bacteria, distinct from other strains of S. aureus in that this pathogen is resistant to methicillin, oxacillin, and all beta-lactam antibiotics. The severity of infections caused by MRSA depends on the strain responsible for the infection and can vary from soft tissue infections to bacteremia and sometimes pneumonia. MRSA strains are divided into clones, based on their genetic makeup. According to the setting of infection, MRSA are divided into three epidemiological types: hospital acquired (HA-MRSA), community acquired (CA-MRSA), and livestock acquired (LA-MRSA) (ie. Transmitted from animal carriers). The epidemiology of HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA, and LA-MRSA is blurred as different recent genetic studies have revealed significant overlap of identical clones between HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA, and the significant increase of human infection caused by LA-MRSA. Furthermore, the animal-human and animal-animal transmission of LA-MRSA has prompted further investigation to study the origin of this epidemiological type and the transmission dynamics. The genetic and virulence profiles of different types of MRSA vary widely, where community acquired and livestock acquired strains are more virulent than hospital acquired strains. This review sheds light on three epidemiological groups of MRSA (HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA, and LA-MRSA), and their most prevalent clonal clusters, that can consequently allow better understanding of their evolution, emergence, transmission, and global dissemination.
Additive, indifferent and antagonistic effects in combinations of epigallocatechin gallate with 12 non-beta-lactam antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
