Fluctuations in the availability of resources constrains the growth and reproduction of individuals, which in turn effects the evolution of their respective populations. Many organisms are able to respond to fluctuations by entering a reversible state of reduced metabolic activity, a phenomenon known as dormancy. This pool of dormant individuals (i.e., a seed bank) does not reproduce and is expected to act as an evolutionary buffer, though it is difficult to observe this effect directly over an extended evolutionary timescale. Through genetic manipulation, we analyze the molecular evolutionary dynamics of Bacillus subtilis populations in the presence and absence of a seed bank over 700 days. We find that the ability to enter a dormant state increases the accumulation of genetic diversity over time and alters the trajectory of mutations, findings that are recapitulated using simulations based on a simple mathematical model. While the ability to form a seed bank does not alter the degree of negative selection, we find that it consistently alters the direction of molecular evolution across genes. Together, these results show that the ability to form a seed bank affects the direction and rate of molecular evolution over an extended evolutionary timescale.
A Generation Time Effect on the Rate of Molecular Evolution in Invertebrates