scholarly journals Humans’ Pupillary Contagion Extends to Cats and Dogs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma L Axelsson ◽  
Christine Fawcett
Keyword(s):  
Size Effect ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Spontaneous Transfer ◽  
Trait Empathy ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Transfer Of Information

Abstract When viewing pupil sizes change, our own pupil sizes change, a phenomenon known as pupillary contagion. This involuntary response is reliable between humans, but can be affected by familiarity and empathy. We investigated whether the pupillary contagion response occurs for humans viewing familiar species – cats and dogs – and whether it is modulated by preferences for particular species. Pupil sizes were measured while viewing cat, dog, and human images with small, medium, and large pupils. Trait empathy, cat and dog affiliation and experience were subsequently measured. There was an image pupil size effect, but this did not vary by species. There was greater pupil size change to cats and dogs than to humans, but this might have been due to the varying size and appearance of the cats and dogs. Greater dog affiliation was also associated with smaller overall pupil size change to dogs and larger change to humans, but this did not interact with image pupil size. Dog affiliation might be associated with less arousal to dog images. In sum, pupillary contagion responses indicate a spontaneous transfer of information about internal states and the findings suggest that humans are sensitive to this across species, regardless of individual preference.

scholarly journals Voluntary pupil size change as control in eyes only interaction

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Ekman ◽  
Antti Poikola ◽  
Meeri Mäkäräinen ◽  
Tapio Takala ◽  
Perttu Hämäläinen
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Size Change

scholarly journals The mind-writing pupil: A human-computer interface based on decoding of covert attention through pupillometry

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastiaan Mathôt ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Melmi ◽  
Lotje van der Linden ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Human Computer Interface ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Covert Visual Attention ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The Mind

We present a new human-computer interface that is based on decoding of attention through pupillometry. Our method builds on the recent finding that covert visual attention affects the pupillary light response: Your pupil constricts when you covertly (without looking at it) attend to a bright, compared to a dark, stimulus. In our method, participants covertly attend to one of several letters with oscillating brightness. Pupil size reflects the brightness of the selected letter, which allows us--with high accuracy and in real time--to determine which letter the participant intends to select. The performance of our method is comparable to the best covert-attention brain-computer interfaces to date, and has several advantages: no movement other than pupil-size change is required; no physical contact is required (i.e. no electrodes); it is easy to use; and it is reliable. Potential applications include: communication with totally locked-in patients, training of sustained attention, and ultra-secure password input.

A systems model for the pupil size effect

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuchuan Sun ◽  
William C. Krenz ◽  
Lawrence W. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Size Effect ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Systems Model

Investigation of human eye pupil sizes as a measure of visual sensation in the workplace environment with a high lighting colour temperature

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joon-Ho Choi
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Visual Sensation ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Indoor Environmental Quality ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Lighting Condition ◽  
Workplace Environment ◽  
Colour Temperature ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
Ambient Lighting

Among indoor environmental quality components, such as lighting, thermal, acoustic and spatial conditions, lighting quality is one of the significant factors that affect human environmental health and work productivity, especially as they pertain to human visual comfort and satisfaction. With the help of advanced sensing technologies, this study utilized a human body’s physiological principle to instantly react to its ambient environmental lighting condition to estimate a user’s visual sensation. Thus, this research investigated the possibility of using human eye pupil sizes as a measure of visual sensation in a workplace setting, especially in the high lighting colour temperature (5000 K) that is very common in modern office environments with the adoption of natural colour-fluorescent light bulbs. A series of experiments involving human subjects in an environmental chamber were conducted. Various ambient lighting conditions were generated to initiate and test pupil size changes and visual sensations. Statistical analyses of the collected data were conducted to help elucidate research findings. This research directed its focus toward pupil size change patterns as a means of assessing the human subject’s visual sensations, and to determine a potential use for this physiological principle in the control loop of a lighting system in a conventional workplace environment.

Neuronal population model for the pupil-size effect

1984 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Krenz ◽  
Lawrence Stark
Keyword(s):  
Size Effect ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Population Model ◽  
Neuronal Population

Systems model for pupil size effect

1985 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 391-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Krenz ◽  
Lawrence Stark
Keyword(s):  
Size Effect ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Systems Model

scholarly journals The mind-writing pupil: A human-computer interface based on decoding of covert attention through pupillometry

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastiaan Mathôt ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Melmi ◽  
Lotje van der Linden ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Human Computer Interface ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Covert Visual Attention ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The Mind

We present a new human-computer interface that is based on decoding of attention through pupillometry. Our method builds on the recent finding that covert visual attention affects the pupillary light response: Your pupil constricts when you covertly (without looking at it) attend to a bright, compared to a dark, stimulus. In our method, participants covertly attend to one of several letters with oscillating brightness. Pupil size reflects the brightness of the selected letter, which allows us--with high accuracy and in real time--to determine which letter the participant intends to select. The performance of our method is comparable to the best covert-attention brain-computer interfaces to date, and has several advantages: no movement other than pupil-size change is required; no physical contact is required (i.e. no electrodes); it is easy to use; and it is reliable. Potential applications include: communication with totally locked-in patients, training of sustained attention, and ultra-secure password input.

Do Click Trains Dilate Time Perception due to Physiological Arousal?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Williams ◽  
Elena Solodow ◽  
Jessica Henderson ◽  
Andrew James Stewart ◽  
Luke Jones
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stimulus Duration ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Physiological Arousal ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Heart Rate Change ◽  
Rate Change ◽  
Large Trial ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Click Train

Presentation of an auditory click-train before a stimulus leads to the relative overestimation of stimulus duration. This is thought to be due to an increase in the rate of the pacemaker (inferred from the slope when estimates are regressed against stimulus duration) of an internal clock, said to be triggered by physiological arousal. Work with emotional stimuli suggests similar temporal dilations, and there is (mixed) evidence suggesting this effect may be due to physiological arousal. We therefore aimed to test the assertion that click trains increase duration estimates due to increased physiological arousal. We compared estimates of tone durations following negative sounds, neutral sounds, click trains, and silence, while recording pupil size and heart rate as measures of arousal. Contrary to click train literature, estimates did not significantly differ following any of the stimulation types, possibly due to large trial baseline periods. However, pupil size change was significantly higher during negative and neutral sounds than both click trains and silence, and higher during click trains than silence. Heart rate change was higher during negative sounds than click trains. Finally, while pupil size change did not correlate with estimation slopes, heart rate change correlated with estimation slopes for neutral sounds and click trains (significantly) and negative sounds and silence (moderate and anecdotal Bayes factors respectively). In conclusion, there was evidence to suggest that click trains increased physiological arousal (pupil size) compared to silence, and that higher arousal (heart rate) during click trains correlates with estimation slopes (pacemaker rate) following click trains.

Dynamic pupillary response controlled by the pupil size effect

1983 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuchuan Sun ◽  
Pamela Tauchi ◽  
Lawrence Stark
Keyword(s):  
Size Effect ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Pupillary Response
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