Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa with Extensive Resection of the Lesion and Coverage with Perforator Flaps of the Lateral Thoracic Wall (Lateral Thoracic Artery, Thoracodorsal Artery Perforators)

Abstract Background Lateral thoracic flaps represent a precious source for partial and total breast reconstruction, in some cases as first option and in other cases as alternative of free flaps. This article describes the ultrasound (US)-based planning of the lateral thoracic wall perforator adipocutaneous flaps and it reports our experience on 52 consecutive flaps. Patients and Methods From November 2018 to May 2021, 52 consecutive lateral thoracic wall perforator flaps were performed using the US-based method for reconstruction of partial breast defects and total breast reconstruction. High-frequency US was performed in all cases prior to surgery to select the best perforator and design the flap. Results Of the 52 cases, 41 were lateral intercostal artery perforator flaps (78.8%), and 11 were thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flaps. Of the 11 TDAP flaps, 2 cases were based on the direct cutaneous branch. Moreover, in two other cases clinically scheduled for lateral thoracic perforator flaps due to the presence of an appropriate axillary roll, no suitable local/regional perforators were detected with the preoperative US examination and the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap was performed. Conclusion Preoperative planning of these flaps using US speeds the surgery and makes it easier and more efficient. Therefore, it is reasonable that the color duplex ultrasound is the operative surgeon's tool for mapping the lateral thoracic wall perforators and to appropriately plan each flap.

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Die Verwendung lokaler Perforatorlappenplastiken der Arteria thoracica lateralis (LTAP) und Arteria thoracodorsalis (TDAP) zur axillären Rekonstruktion bei Hidradenitis suppurativa

Handchirurgie · Mikrochirurgie · Plastische Chirurgie ◽

10.1055/a-1203-0322 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sebastian Dietrich ◽

Georg Reumuth ◽

Markus Kuentscher ◽

Irakli Panchulidze

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Postoperative Komplikationen ◽

Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽

Lateral Thoracic Artery ◽

Thoracodorsal Artery ◽

Chronisch Entzündliche Erkrankung ◽

Chronisch Entzündliche ◽

Artery Perforator

ZusammenfassungDie Hidradenitis suppurativa ist eine chronisch entzündliche Erkrankung von Terminalfollikeln und apokrinen Drüsen der Axilla. Die sichere und kosmetisch ansprechende Rekonstruktion großer Defekte nach radikaler Exzision erkrankter Areale in der Axilla stellt eine operative Herausforderung an den Chirurgen dar. Die laterale Thoraxregion bietet – neben weiteren – die Möglichkeit zur lokalen Perforatorlappenplastik, basierend auf der Arteria thoracodorsalis und der Arteria thoracica lateralis. Diese Arbeit zeigt erstmals in großer Fallzahl die Rekonstruktion axillärer Defekte durch den lateral thoracic artery perforator-Lappen. Insgesamt 13 Lappenplastiken (10 lateral thoracic artery perforator-Lappen und 3 thoracodorsal artery perforator-Lappen) wurden eingeschlossen. Die Patienten wurden im Rahmen der Nachuntersuchung auf postoperative Komplikationen nach Clavien-Dindo, das subjektive kosmetische Ergebnis, die Abduktionsfähigkeit des Arms in Form der range of motion und auf die Rezidivrate hin untersucht. Hierbei kam es weder zu einem Lappenuntergang noch zu einer Lappenteilnekrose. Bis auf einen Fall bewerteten alle Patienten das kosmetische Ergebnis als sehr gut oder gut. Die postoperative Schulterbeweglichkeit war stets uneingeschränkt mit einer maximalen Abduktionsfähigkeit von 178,8 ± 4,2° und in der postoperativen Nachuntersuchung von durchschnittlich 27,2 ± 14,4 Monaten kam es in keinem Fall zu einem Rezidiv. Die Verwendung der lokalen fasziokutanen Perforatorlappen der Arteria thoracica lateralis und Arteria thoracodorsalis zur plastisch-chirurgischen Behandlung der axillären HS im Stadium II und III führt zu guten ästhetischen und funktionellen Ergebnissen.

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An assessment of the anatomical basis of the thoracoacromial artery perforator flap

Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery ◽

10.1177/229255030301100102 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 23-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Christopher Robert Geddes ◽

Maolin Tang ◽

Daping Yang ◽

Steven F Morris

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck ◽

Donor Site ◽

Perforator Flap ◽

Neck Region ◽

Donor Site Morbidity ◽

Pedicled Flap ◽

Perforator Flaps ◽

Thoracoacromial Artery ◽

Lateral Thoracic Artery ◽

Anatomical Basis

Background Musculocutaneous perforator flaps offer advantages over musculocutaneous flaps, including reduced donor site morbidity, more predictable reconstruction of soft tissue deformities, and a wider variety of flap options. Perforator flaps are becoming increasingly popular for many applications. In the present study, we set out to examine the various perforators of the thoracoacromial axis through the pectoralis major (PM) muscle with respect to their suitability for transfer to the head and neck region as a pedicled flap. Methods A series of 10 fresh cadavers were injected with lead oxide, gelatin and water (250 mL/kg) through the femoral vessels. The cadavers were cooled and the integument was removed. Perforating vessels from the underlying muscles were marked and the resulting angiograms of the integument and deep tissues were compared with the dissection notes describing the course, size and distribution of the perforating vessels. Results The perforators through the PM muscle to the overlying skin included three regional groups: perforators of the thoracoacromial axis; perforators of the medial intercostal vessels; and perforators of the lateral thoracic artery. The major group of perforators supplying the overlying skin was from the intercostal vessels. However, the thoracoacromial axis did consistently give rise to perforators in the upper portion of the PM muscle. In particular, there were reliable perforators from the clavicular and deltoid branches of the thoracoacromial artery. Discussion The present study illustrates the potential clinical applications of a series of perforator flaps based on the thoracoacromial axis, which may be useful in head and neck reconstructive surgery.

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