Background and objectivesUltrasound-guided infiltration of the interspace between the popliteal artery and capsule of the knee (iPACK) block, a new regional analgesic technique, is believed to relieve posterior knee pain, after total knee arthroplasty, by targeting the articular branches innervating posterior aspect of the joint. The extent of injectate spread and the number of articular branches affected is currently unknown. This cadaveric study aimed to compare the area of dye spread and frequency of articular branches staining following a proximal versus distal injection technique.MethodsAn ultrasound-guided iPACK injection (10 mL of methylene blue dye solution) was performed in 14 lightly embalmed specimens: 7 injected using a proximal injection technique (1 fingerbreadth above base of patella) and 7 using a distal injection technique (at the superior border of the femoral condyles). Following injection, dissection, digitization, and 3D modeling were performed to map the area of dye spread and determine the frequency of nerve staining.ResultsBoth injection techniques achieved a similar mean area of injectate spread. Of the four articular branches supplying the posterior knee joint capsule, the genicular branch of posterior division of obturator nerve was stained in all specimens. The proximal injection resulted in staining of superior medial genicular nerve, due to dye spread through the adductor hiatus, whereas superior lateral genicular nerve and anterior branch of common fibular nerve were consistently stained following distal injection. Other articular branches were stained with variable frequency.ConclusionsBoth proximal and distal iPACK injection techniques provided a similar area of dye spread in the popliteal region and extensive staining of the articular branches supplying the posterior capsule. The proximal injection technique promoted greater anteromedial dye spread, while the distal injection had more anterolateral spread. Further clinical study is required to confirm our cadaveric findings.
Visibility of the lateral pterygoid muscle in temporomandibular disorders by magnetic resonance imaging
