scholarly journals Apical and basal auxin sources pattern shoot branching in a moss

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattias Thelander ◽  
Katarina Landberg ◽  
Arthur Renaud Jim Muller ◽  
Gladys Cloarec ◽  
Nik Cunniffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Auxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Shoot Branching ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Auxin Production ◽  
Independent Events ◽  
Branch Formation ◽  
Leafy Shoots

Shoot branching mechanisms where branches arise in association with leaves – referred to as lateral or axillary branching – evolved by convergence in the sporophyte of vascular plants and the gametophyte of bryophytes, and accompanied independent events of plant architectural diversification. Previously, we showed that three hormonal cues, including auxin, have been recruited independently to co-ordinate branch patterning in flowering plant leafy shoots and moss gametophores (Coudert, Palubicki et al., 2015). Moreover, auxin-mediated apical dominance, which relies on local auxin production, has been proposed as a unifying molecular regulatory mechanism of branch development across land plants. Whilst our previous work in the moss Physcomitrium patens has gathered indirect evidence supporting the notion that auxin synthesized in gametophore apices regulates branch formation at a distance, direct genetic evidence for a role of auxin biosynthesis in gametophore branching control is still lacking. Here, we show that gametophore apex decapitation promotes branch emergence through massive and rapid transcriptional reprogramming of auxin-responsive genes and altering auxin biosynthesis gene activity. Specifically, we identify a subset of P. patens TRYPTOPHAN AMINO-TRANSFERASE (TAR) and YUCCA FLAVIN MONOOXYGENASE-LIKE (YUC) auxin biosynthesis genes expressed in apical and basal regions of the gametophore, and show that they are essential for branch initiation and outgrowth control. Our results demonstrate that local auxin biosynthesis coordinates branch patterning in moss and thus constitutes a shared and ancient feature of shoot architecture control in land plants.

scholarly journals Angiosperm phylogeny poster (APP) – Flowering plant systematics, 2017

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodor C H Cole ◽  
Hartmut H Hilger ◽  
Peter F Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Plant Systematics ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Missouri Botanical ◽  
Angiosperm Phylogeny

The "Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster – Flowering Plant Systematics" is an educational tool presenting an overview of the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants according to APG IV and APweb as of 2016. The phylogenetic tree depicts the 64 orders and the majority of the 416 families, listing the main apomorphies and plesiomorphies as well as diagnostic and nondiagnostic anatomical, morphological, and phytochemical features for orders and higher levels within the tree. The intuitive color-coding facilitates memorization and teaching. Translations of the poster by internationally renown botanists are now available in 18 languages. Hyperlinks to APweb (Peter F. Stevens, Missouri Botanical Garden) are provided for the orders and higher ranks. This is one in a series of three educational posters on the phylogeny of land plants: Poster 1: "Angiosperms", Poster 2: "Tracheophytes: Lycophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms", Poster 3: "Bryophytes: Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts".

scholarly journals Mechanistic basis for the evolution of chalcone synthase catalytic cysteine reactivity in land plants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Liou ◽  
Ying-Chih Chiang ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Jing-Ke Weng
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Sulfinic Acid ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
Catalytic Cysteine

AbstractFlavonoids are important polyphenolic natural products, ubiquitous in land plants, that play diverse functions in plants’ survival in their ecological niches, including UV protection, pigmentation for attracting pollinators, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and defense against herbivores. Chalcone synthase (CHS) catalyzes the first committed step in plant flavonoid biosynthesis and is highly conserved in all land plants. In several previously reported crystal structures of flowering plant CHSs, the catalytic cysteine is oxidized to sulfinic acid, indicating enhanced nucleophilicity in this residue associated with its increased susceptibility to oxidation. In this study, we report a set of new crystal structures of CHSs representing all five major lineages of land plants. We reveal that the structures of CHS from a lycophyte and a moss species preserve the catalytic cysteine in a reduced state, in contrast to the cysteine sulfinic acid seen in all euphyllophyte CHS structures. In vivo complementation, in vitro biochemical and mutagenesis analyses, as well as molecular dynamics simulations identify a set of residues that differ between basal-plant and euphyllophyte CHSs and modulate catalytic cysteine reactivity. We propose that the CHS active-site environment has evolved in euphyllophytes to further enhance the nucleophilicity of the catalytic cysteine since the divergence of euphyllophytes from other vascular plant lineages 400 million years ago. These changes in CHS could have contributed to the diversification of flavonoid biosynthesis in euphyllophytes, which in turn contributed to their dominance in terrestrial ecosystems.

scholarly journals Strigolactone synthesis is ancestral in land plants, but canonical strigolactone signalling is a flowering plant innovation

BMC Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catriona H. Walker ◽  
Karen Siu-Ting ◽  
Alysha Taylor ◽  
Mary J. O’Connell ◽  
Tom Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Land Plants ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Strigolactone Signalling

THE CONTROL OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.): III. ENDOGENOUS DIFFUSIBLE AUXIN

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1049-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce G. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Adaptive System ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Iaa Oxidase ◽  
Auxin Level ◽  
Auxin Production ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

Significant amounts of endogenous diffusible auxin have been obtained from apices and leaves of red clover plants and differences in endogenous diffusible auxin level have been related to characteristic differences in morphogenesis.Less diffusible auxin was obtained from the apices and leaves of autotetraploid than diploid plants of the same clone; a slower rate of growth was observed in the tetraploids.Changes in the diffusible auxin level can be brought about by variations in light that occur in a normal growth situation. Greater amounts of diffusible auxin were obtained under longer daylengths. Lesser amounts of diffusible auxin were obtained from plants that were shaded. A greater amount of diffusible auxin was obtained from apices when in light than in darkness.Application of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid lowered the diffusible auxin level within the plant and interfered with normal polarity.An interaction between application of 3-indoleacetic acid, light intensity, and diffusible auxin level has been observed. This interaction is most readily explicable on the postulation, based on indirect evidence, that a mechanism for the regulation of endogenous free auxin level may exist in red clover whereby an auxin production system can be linked with some adaptive system, possibly IAA oxidase, that decreases the amount of endogenous free auxin.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis of plant multi-domain SEC14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins and structure–function properties of PATELLIN2

2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-678
Author(s):  
Karolin Montag ◽  
Jannik Hornbergs ◽  
Rumen Ivanov ◽  
Petra Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Modular Structure ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol Transfer ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Proteins

Abstract Key message SEC14L-PITPs guide membrane recognition and signaling. An increasingly complex modular structure of SEC14L-PITPs evolved in land plants compared to green algae. SEC14/CRAL-TRIO and GOLD domains govern membrane binding specificity. Abstract SEC14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (SEC14L-PITPs) provide cues for membrane identity by exchanging lipophilic substrates, ultimately governing membrane signaling. Flowering plant SEC14L-PITPs often have modular structure and are associated with cell division, development, and stress responses. Yet, structure–function relationships for biochemical–cellular interactions of SEC14L-PITPs are rather enigmatic. Here, we evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of the SEC14L-PITP superfamily in the green lineage. Compared to green algae, land plants have an extended set of SEC14L-PITPs with increasingly complex modular structure. SEC14-GOLD PITPs, present in land plants but not Chara, diverged to three functional subgroups, represented by the six PATELLIN (PATL) proteins in Arabidopsis. Based on the example of Arabidopsis PATL2, we dissect the functional domains for in vitro binding to phosphoinositides and liposomes and for plant cell membrane association. While the SEC14 domain and its CRAL-TRIO-N-terminal extension serve general membrane attachment of the protein, the C-terminal GOLD domain directs it to the plasma membrane by recognizing specific phosphoinositides. We discuss that the different domains of SEC14L-PITPs integrate developmental and environmental signals to control SEC14L-PITP-mediated membrane identity, important to initiate dynamic membrane events.

scholarly journals Water lily (Nymphaea thermarum) genome reveals variable genomic signatures of ancient vascular cambium losses

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (15) ◽  
pp. 8649-8656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Povilus ◽  
Jeffrey M. DaCosta ◽  
Christopher Grassa ◽  
Prasad R. V. Satyaki ◽  
Morgan Moeglein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Draft Genome ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Water Lily ◽  
Angiosperm Evolution ◽  
Genomic Signatures ◽  
Independent Events

For more than 225 million y, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ∼140 million y ago (MYA), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium, the meristematic population of cells that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem. Many of the genes and gene families that regulate differentiation of secondary tissues also regulate the differentiation of primary xylem and phloem, which are produced by apical meristems and retained in nearly all seed plants. Here, we sequenced and assembled a draft genome of the water lily Nymphaea thermarum, an emerging system for the study of early flowering plant evolution, and compared it to genomes from other cambium-bearing and cambium-less lineages (e.g., monocots and Nelumbo). This revealed lineage-specific patterns of gene loss and divergence. Nymphaea is characterized by a significant contraction of the HD-ZIP III transcription factors, specifically loss of REVOLUTA, which influences cambial activity in other angiosperms. We also found the Nymphaea and monocot copies of cambium-associated CLE signaling peptides display unique substitutions at otherwise highly conserved amino acids. Nelumbo displays no obvious divergence in cambium-associated genes. The divergent genomic signatures of convergent loss of vascular cambium reveals that even pleiotropic genes can exhibit unique divergence patterns in association with independent events of trait loss. Our results shed light on the evolution of herbaceousness—one of the key biological innovations associated with the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution.

scholarly journals HAG1 and SWI3A/B control of male germ line development in P. patens suggests conservation of epigenetic reproductive control across land plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C. Genau ◽  
Zhanghai Li ◽  
Karen S. Renzaglia ◽  
Noe Fernandez Pozo ◽  
Fabien Nogué ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Male Germ Line ◽  
Reproductive Control ◽  
Line Loss

Abstract Key message Bryophytes as models to study the male germ line: loss-of-function mutants of epigenetic regulators HAG1 and SWI3a/b demonstrate conserved function in sexual reproduction. Abstract With the water-to-land transition, land plants evolved a peculiar haplodiplontic life cycle in which both the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte are multicellular. The switch between these phases was coined alternation of generations. Several key regulators that control the bauplan of either generation are already known. Analyses of such regulators in flowering plants are difficult due to the highly reduced gametophytic generation, and the fact that loss of function of such genes often is embryo lethal in homozygous plants. Here we set out to determine gene function and conservation via studies in bryophytes. Bryophytes are sister to vascular plants and hence allow evolutionary inferences. Moreover, embryo lethal mutants can be grown and vegetatively propagated due to the dominance of the bryophyte gametophytic generation. We determined candidates by selecting single copy orthologs that are involved in transcriptional control, and of which flowering plant mutants show defects during sexual reproduction, with a focus on the under-studied male germ line. We selected two orthologs, SWI3a/b and HAG1, and analyzed loss-of-function mutants in the moss P. patens. In both mutants, due to lack of fertile spermatozoids, fertilization and hence the switch to the diploid generation do not occur. Pphag1 additionally shows arrested male and impaired female gametangia development. We analyzed HAG1 in the dioecious liverwort M. polymorpha and found that in Mphag1 the development of gametangiophores is impaired. Taken together, we find that involvement of both regulators in sexual reproduction is conserved since the earliest divergence of land plants.

scholarly journals Angiosperm phylogeny poster (APP) – Flowering plant systematics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodor C H Cole ◽  
Hartmut H Hilger ◽  
Peter F Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Plant Systematics ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Missouri Botanical ◽  
Angiosperm Phylogeny

The "Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster – Flowering Plant Systematics" is an educational tool presenting an overview of the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants according to APG IV and APweb as of 2016. The phylogenetic tree depicts the 64 orders and the majority of the 416 families, listing the main apomorphies and plesiomorphies as well as diagnostic and nondiagnostic anatomical, morphological, and phytochemical features for orders and higher levels within the tree. The intuitive color-coding facilitates memorization and teaching. Translations of the poster by internationally renown botanists are now available in 18 languages. Hyperlinks to APweb (Peter F. Stevens, Missouri Botanical Garden) are provided for the orders and higher ranks. This is one in a series of three educational posters on the phylogeny of land plants: Poster 1: "Angiosperms", Poster 2: "Tracheophytes: Lycophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms", Poster 3: "Bryophytes: Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts".

scholarly journals Angiosperm phylogeny poster (APP) – Flowering plant systematics, 2017

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodor C H Cole ◽  
Hartmut H Hilger ◽  
Peter F Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Plant Systematics ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Missouri Botanical ◽  
Angiosperm Phylogeny

The "Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster – Flowering Plant Systematics" is an educational tool presenting an overview of the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants according to APG IV and APweb as of 2016. The phylogenetic tree depicts the 64 orders and the majority of the 416 families, listing the main apomorphies and plesiomorphies as well as diagnostic and nondiagnostic anatomical, morphological, and phytochemical features for orders and higher levels within the tree. The intuitive color-coding facilitates memorization and teaching. Translations of the poster by internationally renown botanists are now available in 20 languages. Hyperlinks to APweb (Peter F. Stevens, Missouri Botanical Garden) are provided for the orders and higher ranks. This is one in a series of three educational posters on the phylogeny of land plants: Poster 1: "Angiosperms", Poster 2: "Tracheophytes: Lycophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms", Poster 3: "Bryophytes: Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts".

scholarly journals Angiosperm phylogeny poster (APP) – Flowering plant systematics, 2019

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodor C H Cole ◽  
Hartmut H Hilger ◽  
Peter F Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Plant Systematics ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Missouri Botanical ◽  
Angiosperm Phylogeny

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster – Flowering Plant Systematics is an educational tool presenting an overview of the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants according to APG IV and APweb as of 2018. The phylogenetic tree depicts the 64 orders and the majority of the 416 families, listing the main apomorphies and plesiomorphies as well as diagnostic and nondiagnostic anatomical, morphological, and phytochemical features for orders and higher levels within the tree along with the number of families, genera, and species for each order. The intuitive color-coding facilitates memorization and teaching. Translations of the poster by internationally renown botanists are now available in 24 languages. Hyperlinks to APweb (Peter F. Stevens, Missouri Botanical Garden) are provided for the orders and higher ranks. This is one in a series of three educational posters on the phylogeny of land plants: Poster 1: "Angiosperms", Poster 2: "Tracheophytes: Lycophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms", Poster 3: "Bryophytes: Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts".

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