The current state of the introduction coenopopulation of Gymnospermium odessanum on the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” at the M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine

Gymnospermium odessanum is a rare relict endemic plant species. The research was carried out during G. odessanum flowering in 2019–2021 at the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG). Ecological and coenotic conditions of introduction at the NBG differ from natural habitats of the species and are not optimal for its vegetation. However, this species demonstrated ecological-coenotic plasticity and, over the decades, has formed a stable homeostatic introduction coenopopulation here. As of 2021, the area of introduction coenopopulation of G. odessanum at the NBG was 2,075 m2. It comprises 412 individuals of this species (including 40 seedlings, 241 juvenile, 45 immature, 40 virginal, 45 generative, and 1 sub-senile plants). Coenopopulation fragments with a high density of G. odessanum individuals are rare here, so the average density is low – only 0.2 individuals per 1 m2. In 2021, in the spectrum of age states, the total percentage of pregenerative individuals was very high and reached 88.8 %; the share of generative individuals was 10.9 %.In general, the age structure of the introduction coenopopulation of G. odessanum is characterized by long-term (2010–2021) stability. The spatial distribution of individuals in the introduction coenopopulation is of two kinds – random and in groups. This is due to combined myrmecochoric and barochoric propagation. Also due to myrmecochory, this coenopopulation tends to spread the area. Compared to natural coenopopulations, the introduction coenopopulation of G. odessanum at the NBG is characterized by a larger area, a much significant number, and, at the same time, a low average density of individuals. However, like in most of natural populations, its age spectrum is left-sided.The conducted research testifies the successful formation of the introduction coenopopulation of G. odessanum in the meadow-steppe cultural phytocoenosis of the NBG. This introduction coenopopulation is an example of a successful multi-year scientific experiment and effective ex situ protection and preservation of G. odessanum on the northern border of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, far beyond the natural range of this endemic plant species.

Application of the Spores of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Lecanicillium Muscarium for Control of Adelgids on Conifers in the Peter the Great Botanical Garden

This article discusses the possibility of using the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium R. Zare & W. Gams (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) against the fir adelgid Adelges pectinatae pectinatae (Cholodkovsky, 1888) and Siberian cedar adelgid Pineus cembrae (Cholodkovsky, 1888) on the Siberian fir Abies sibirica Ledeb., and pines Pinus sibirica Du Tour and Pinus banksiana Lamb. The blastospores of the entomopathogenic fungus L. muscarium strain G-033 VIZR, in the concentration of 5x107 spores/ml, showed a high efficiency on both of the species of adelgid. On the 17th day, the mortality of P. cembrae was 73% on P. sibirica and 61% on P. banksiana, and the mortality of the species A. pectinatae pectinatae on A. sibirica was 74%. The effect of the spore application had a prolonged effect over the next month on all treated trees. Keywords: entomopathogenic fungi, Lecanicillium muscarium, adelgid, conifers

Growth and development of representatives of the genus Rosa L. in the Stavropol Botanical Garden

Relevance. To identify the features of the growth and development of species of roses of different geographical origin, to establish the biological minimum temperatures necessary for the beginning of flowering of representatives of the genus Rosa L., to study the morphological indicators of fruits.Methodology. The research material was 12 wild roses belonging to 4 sections: Canina Crep, Cinnamomeae DC, Luteae Crep, Pimpinellifoliae DC. The research was carried out using the methods of the Main Botanical Garden, floral and geographical analyses — according to Hrzhanovsky. A caliper was used to measure the length and diameter of 10 fruits. For the analysis of statistical data, the MS Excel table processor and the integrated MATLAB mathematical package were used.Results. The article presents the results of a study of species of roses in the Stavropol Botanical Garden of various geographical origin. The study involved 12 species belonging to 4 sections. The features of growth and development of plants in new soil and climatic conditions are revealed. The dates of the beginning of the main phenological phases andtheir duration have been established: spring regrowth of shoots, budding, beginning and end of flowering, fruiting. In the studied species of roses, the growing season begins in the first — second decade of March, flowering occurs in late May — early June, the fruits ripen in August — September. The dependence of the timing of the beginning of flowering in the studied roses on the dynamics of the accumulated average daily air temperatures and the sum of effective temperatures above 5 °C was revealed. Mathematically, it was proved that the lower limit of the air temperature required for the beginning of flowering of species of roses is +16 °C, when the sum of the average daily temperature air St° = 1007.75–1069.48 °С and St эф > 5 °С = 530.75–594.75 °С are accumulated. Early flowering species of roses include Rosa foetida Herrm., R. pendulina L., R. pimpinellifolia L., late flowering — R. caudata Baker and R. corymbifera Borkh. The shortest flowering period is in R. caudata Baker, R. jacutica Juz. and R. kamtschatica Vent. Representatives of those types mostly bloom once. Their flowers are formed on biennial and more mature shoots. The flowering period is 13–23 days. Rosa rugosa Thunb. blooms again, its flowering period is extended and long — from 40 to 48 days. All species of roses form fruits. The longest fruits are in R. pendulina L., R. caudata Baker, R. rugosa Thunb., R. corymbifera Borkh. and R. canina L., and large ones — in R. rugosa Thunb., R. marretii Lev. and R. roxburghi Tratt.

Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the hydroethanolic extract of Anadenanthera peregrina stem bark

The Brazilian Cerrado biome consists of a great variety of endemic species with several bioactive compounds, and Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg is a promising species. In this study, we aimed to perform phytochemical characterization and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of the hydroethanolic extract of A. peregrina stem bark. The barks were collected in the Botanical Garden of Goiânia, Brazil. The hydroethanolic extract was obtained by percolation and subjected to physicochemical screening, total phenolic content estimation, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting, and antioxidant (IC50 values were calculated for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay - DPPH) and antibacterial activity determination. The pH of the extract was 5.21 and density was 0.956 g/cm3. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of cardiac glycosides, organic acids, reducing sugars, hemolytic saponins, phenols, coumarins, condensed tannins, flavonoids, catechins, depsides, and depsidones derived from benzoquinones. The extract showed intense hemolytic activity. The total phenolic content was 6.40 g GAE 100 g-1. The HPLC fingerprinting analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin. We confirmed the antioxidant activity of the extract. Furthermore, the extract did not inhibit the growth of E. coli colonies at any volume tested, but there were halos around S. aureus colonies at all three volumes tested. These results contribute to a better understanding of the chemical composition of A. peregrina stem bark and further support the medicinal applications of this species.

Сollection of representatives of the genus Larix Mill. (Pinaceae) in the Botanical Garden of the Forestry University (St. Petersburg, Russia)

В Нижнем и Верхнем дендрологических садах Санкт-Петербургского государственного лесотехнического университета в Санкт-Петербурге выращивается 13 видов и 1 гибрид рода Larix Mill., представленных 124 экземплярами, в возрасте от 25 до 200 лет. Все зимостойки, образуют шишки, 3 вида (L. archangelica, L. decidua, L. sibirica) дают самосев. Всего за период интродукции были испытаны 23 таксона рода Larix, наибольшее число видов здесь впервые испытал Э.Л. Вольф. Некоторые виды (L. komarovii, L. maritima) здесь были впервые введены культуру. В коллекции сохранились старовозрастные экземпляры, посаженные еще в XIX в. – 71 шт., самые старые посадки (9 деревьев) датируются 1820 г. (L. archangelica, L. decidua, L. sibirica). Самое высокое дерево относится к L. sibirica: 34,0 м выс., самое толстое по диаметру ствола – L. decidua: 102 см. Исследования подтверждают важность периодических биометрических измерений и непрерывного мониторинга коллекции. Отдельные деревья заслуживают внесения в базу данных по деревьям-чемпионам по их размерам в высоту и диаметру ствола. There are 13 species and 1 hybrid of genus Larix Mill., represented by 124 trees, in collection of the Upper and the Lower dendrological gardens of Saint-Petersburg State Forest-Technical University, under the age from 25 till 200 years old. All of them are winter hardy and produce cones. Three species (L. archangelica, L. decidua, L. sibirica) give self-sowing. Totally there are 23 taxa which have been tested for the period of introduction. The largest amount of species were tested by E.L. Wolf. Some species (L. komarovii, L. maritima) were introduced here into general cultivation. There are trees of old age planted as early as in the XIX century (71). There are 9 of oldest trees cultivating since 1820 (L. archangelica, L. decidua, L. sibirica). The tallest tree is of L. sibirica: 34,0 m high, the most thick on trunk diameter is the tree of L. decidua: 102 см. The research confirm the importance of periodical biometrical measurements and uninterrupted monitoring of all collection. There are certain trees which deserve to be included into the data base on Champion trees on their sizes.

The Diversity, Distribution and Conservation of Bali’s Medinilla in Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden

Medinilla is a tropical forest plant that has potential as an ornamental and medicinal plant. The diversity of Medinilla in Bali is poorly studied. This study aims to determine the diversity, distribution and conservation activities of Bali’s Medinilla at the Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden. The research method used are literature study, search for data collection and exploration, amd herbarium observations. Based on this research, it is known that there are six species of Medinilla in Bali such as Medinilla crassifolia (Reinw.ex Blume) Blume, Medinilla alpestris Blume, Medinilla laurifolia (Blume) Blume, Medinilla radicans (Blume) Blume, Medinilla speciosa (Reinw.ex Blume) Blume and Medinilla quadrifolia (BI.) Bakh. F. M. quadrifolia is a new distribution record for Bali. All species were discovered in the districts of Buleleng, Bangli, Gianyar, Jembrana, Karangasem and Tabanan districts. Only four species have been conserved in the Bali Botanical Gardens, according to data from the Eka Karya Bali Botanical Gardens' collection, therefore exploration and collection activities are critical. Conservation activities carried out at Eka Karya Bali Botanical Garden are collecting and data collection, maintaining and propagating species of Medinilla.

Plants of the Siberian Flora exposition of the N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden RAS, listed in the Red Book of Russia

The strategy and key principles of setting up natural flora exhibits were conceptualized by the founder and first manager of the Flora Department, Prof. M. Kultiasov based on the ecological and historical method of plant introduction. The Siberian flora exhibit was among the first created by the Laboratory. Nowadays it comprises 111 species (131 specimens) belonging to 68 genera of 39 families of plants. This collection includes 5 species of plants listed in the Red Data Book of Russia, namely Anemonastrum baicalense (Turcz.) Mosyakin, Cotoneaster acutifolius Turcz., Erythronium sibiricum (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Krylov, Paeonia tenuifolia L., Leuzea carthamoides (Willd.) DC. By category of rareness, out of five these species, one (Paeonia tenuifolia) belongs to Category Two (threatened) and four species (Anemonastrum baicalense, Cotoneaster acutifolius, Erythronium sibiricum, Leuzea carthamoides) belong to Category Three (rare). By category of integrated introductory resistance, all the species introduced may be categorized as ‘resistant in a controlled environment’. Keywords: PLANT INTRODUCTION, NATIVE FLORA OF THE SIBERIA, RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANTS, RED DATA BOOK OF RUSSIA, MOSCOW, N. V. TSITSIN MAIN BOTANICAL GARDEN RAS

Growth and development of Carthamus tinctorius L. in the conditions of Transnistria

Carthamus tinctorius L. is a plant, that is used for oil production and dyeing, and also used for medical purposes and cosmetology. A distinctive biological feature of this plant is its high drought resistance. In the process of global warming the increase in air temperature in Transnistria over the past 70 years amounted to 1,2…1,3 °C, the increase in soil temperature over the past 20 years in the observed soil layer 0,2…3,2 m amounted 0,8…1,2 °C. In this regard the intercalation of drought resistant crops, such as Carthamus tinctorius L., into agricultural production is relevant. The dura- tion of the growing season of a Carthamus tinctorius L. collection specimen of unknown origin in the Republican Botanical Garden (in the town of Tiraspol) when sown in middle of April for the period from the year of 2008 to the year of 2017 ranged from 103 to 113 days. In the conditions of Transnistria in the year of 2020 for the first time the influence of sowing time of Carthamus tinctorius L. on the development of a complex of features was studied. Sowing of Carthamus tinctorius was carried out five times: the 20th and the 27th of March, the 3rd and the 14th of April, the 2nd of May. The study of the influence of the sowing time showed decreasing values of the complex of features with later sowing time of Carthamus tinctorius L. The mostly significant decreased with a later sowing time were such features as the number of branches of the first and the second level, the number of seeds in the inflorescence, the number of seeds per plant. The best sowing date in the conditions of an acute drought in the year of 2020 was the first sowing time on the 20th of March. The value of the features in this sowing period was: plants’ height — 55 cm, the number of branches of the first level — 8,7 pieces, the number of branches of the second level — 4,6 pieces, the number of inflorescences per plant — 14,1 pieces, the number of seeds in the inflorescence — 7,0 pieces, the number of seeds per plant — 64,8 pieces.

Outstanding Monument of Garden and Park Art of Kyiv and Problems of Its Environment

The purpose of the article is to analyze the monument and expert assessment of the monument of garden and park art Central Republican Botanical Garden (1 Timiriazievska Street, Kyiv) and its urban environment, which is rapidly evolving, threatening this monument naturally of the reserved fund and cultural heritage sites located on its territory, which requires the development of the protection zoning concept in the areas adjacent to the monument in order to preserve this unique cultural and natural heritage. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific and special methods, including the historical method in a systematic approach, when the set of monuments connected by a common area, as well as the surrounding environment as an object of study is considered in development, as well as the comparative method, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction. The scientific novelty of the research is that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of this monument of park and garden art as an object not only of nature reserves, but also immovable cultural heritage type ‘landmark’, articulated problems caused by rapid and chaotic development urban environment around this monument, and also proposed a conceptual approach to the protective zoning of areas around the monument. Conclusions. All cultural heritage sites, including the Central Republican Botanical Garden as an object of study, form the traditional nature of the environment of the southern periphery of the historic centre of Kyiv. The object of study for its compositional role in the traditional nature of the environment is the landscape dominant of the large-scale monument ‘Cultural Landscape of the Kyiv Mountains and the Dnieper River Valley’, the compositional and species influence of which extends to the entire Dnieper Valley between the E. Paton and the South bridges. With this in mind, a conclusion was made about the insufficiency and obsolescence of the existing protection zoning in the areas adjacent to the monument in question, and a new concept of protection zoning with additional development control zones was defined. Their approval will allow actualizing the territorial-environmental approach as the most effective in preserving the traditional Kyiv character of the environment for the present and future generations.

Prospects of Passiflora incarnata L. introduction in the forest-steppe of Ukraine

The information about the fruit and medicinal plant passion fruit flesh-red (Passiflora incarnata L.) is given as a potential introducer of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine and a species that should replenish the research collection of subtropical fruit crops of the open ground of the Khorol Botanical Garden. The botanical description, bioecological characteristics, nutritional and medicinal properties and the proposed agricultural cultivation techniques are given.