In the 1960s, automatic indexing methods for texts were developed. They had already implemented the “bag-ofwords” approach, which still prevails. Although automatic indexing is widely used today, many information providers and even Internet services still rely on human information work. In the 1970s, research shifted its interest to partial-match retrieval models and proved their superiority over Boolean retrieval models. Vector-space and later probabilistic retrieval models were developed. However, it took until the 1990s for partial-match models to succeed in the market. The Internet played a great role in this success. All Web search engines were based on partial-match models and provided ranked lists as results rather than unordered sets of documents. Consumers got used to this kind of search systems, and all big search engines included partial-match functionality. However, there are many niches in which Boolean methods still dominate, for example, patent retrieval. The basis for information retrieval systems may be pictures, graphics, videos, music objects, structured documents, or combinations thereof. This article is mainly concerned with information retrieval for text documents.
nà-Cleft (non-)exhaustivity: Variability in Akan
