The fault-tolerant routing problem is important consideration in the design of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (H-WSNs) applications, and has recently been attracting growing research interests. In order to maintainkdisjoint communication paths from source sensors to the macronodes, we present a hybrid routing scheme and model, in which multiple paths are calculated and maintained in advance, and alternate paths are created once the previous routing is broken. Then, we propose an immune cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm (ICPSOA) in the model to provide the fast routing recovery and reconstruct the network topology for path failure in H-WSNs. In the ICPSOA, mutation direction of the particle is determined by multi-swarm evolution equation, and its diversity is improved by immune mechanism, which can enhance the capacity of global search and improve the converging rate of the algorithm. Then we validate this theoretical model with simulation results. The results indicate that the ICPSOA-based fault-tolerant routing protocol outperforms several other protocols due to its capability of fast routing recovery mechanism, reliable communications, and prolonging the lifetime of WSNs.
Advanced Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Computing Plural Acceptable Solutions and Its Application to Wireless Sensor Networks-Forwarding Power Adjustment of Each Sensor Node for Query Dissemination-
