Texture feature extraction and description is one of the important research contents in content-based medical image retrieval. The chapter first proposes a framework of content-based medical image retrieval system. It then analyzes the important texture feature extraction and description methods further, such as the co-occurrence matrix, perceptual texture features, Gabor wavelet, and so forth. Moreover, the chapter analyzes the improved methods for these methods and demonstrates their application in content-based medical image retrieval.