The Economics of Mass Rearing Encarsia formosa, a Parasite of the Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum, for use in Commercial Horticulture

1969 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. A. Scopes
Keyword(s):  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Encarsia Formosa

ASPECTS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN A CHALCID PARASITE AND ITS ALEURODID HOST

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Encarsia Formosa ◽  
Greenhouse Whitefly ◽  
Parasite Abundance ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
Dominant Process

Three populations of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and its chalcid parasite Encarsia formosa were propagated each year for three consecutive years on tomato plants in the greenhouse. The abundance of the host and parasite species fluctuated either with peaks of increasing amplitude, with peaks of decreasing amplitude, or with irregular peaks. The dominant process in the interaction was the occurrence of two qualitatively different types of host larval mortality: (a) parasitization, and (b) almost immediate killing after attack by adult parasites. Fluctuations in host and parasite abundance resulted from the almost immediate killing of small host larvae and the death of the short-lived adult parasites. The parasite population tended to destroy similar percentages of host populations of different densities but host mortality was also related to the age structure of the host population. Variation in host reproduction, caused by differences in rearing temperature and by seasonal variation in the physical environment, influenced host and parasite densities.

The parasite-host relationship between Encarsia formosa (Hym., Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Horn., Aleyrodidae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (1-5) ◽  
pp. 258-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariek H. Eggenkamp-Rotteveel Mansveld ◽  
J. C. van Lenteren ◽  
F. J. M. Ellenbroek ◽  
J. Woets
Keyword(s):  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Encarsia Formosa

An Important Parasite of the Greenhouse White-fly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Westwood)

1927 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward R. Speyer
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Encarsia Formosa ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chalcid Wasp ◽  
Important Parasite

1.—Encarsia formosa, Gahan, is a Chalcid wasp that parasitises the white-fly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Westw., a single female ovipositing in 50 or more young pupae of the host. The larvae of the parasite, on hatching from the egg, destroys the white-fly pupa, the skin of which becomes black in colour, thus distinguishing the parasitised pupa from the normal white scales and pupa of the white-fly.2.—The parasite is parthenogenetic, males, probably impotent, only appearing when temperatures are low.3.—The life-history of the parasite occupies at least 28 days, and adults may remain in the scales for some time before cutting their way out by a circular hole in the roof of the scale. The adult is capable of travelling over large areas in glasshouses.4.—Low temperatures militate seriously against the increase of the parasite, which is probably a tropical insect and has possibly been imported into this country from India.5.—Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, as practised commercially for the control of white-fly, does not affect the parasites.6.—The parasite is best distributed by detaching the black pupae of white-fly from the foliage, though 20 per cent, may be injured in this way. An almost complete emergence is obtained by cutting branches from plants and pinning them to the plants in houses where distribution is desired, but this involves risk of infecting the houses with various pests and diseases.

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