scholarly journals Olfactorily-mediated cortisol response to chemical alarm cues in zebrafish Danio rerio

2018 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison J. Barkhymer ◽  
Shawn G. Garrett ◽  
Brian D. Wisenden
Keyword(s):  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues

scholarly journals Living in mixed species groups promotes predator learning in degraded habitats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas P. Chivers ◽  
Mark I. McCormick ◽  
Eric P. Fakan ◽  
Randall P. Barry ◽  
Maud C. O. Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues ◽  
Pomacentrus Amboinensis ◽  
Predator Foraging ◽  
Predator Learning ◽  
Predator Odour

AbstractLiving in mix-species aggregations provides animals with substantive anti-predator, foraging and locomotory advantages while simultaneously exposing them to costs, including increased competition and pathogen exposure. Given each species possess unique morphology, competitive ability, parasite vulnerability and predator defences, we can surmise that each species in mixed groups will experience a unique set of trade-offs. In addition to this unique balance, each species must also contend with anthropogenic changes, a relatively new, and rapidly increasing phenomenon, that adds further complexity to any system. This complex balance of biotic and abiotic factors is on full display in the exceptionally diverse, yet anthropogenically degraded, Great Barrier Reef of Australia. One such example within this intricate ecosystem is the inability of some damselfish to utilize their own chemical alarm cues within degraded habitats, leaving them exposed to increased predation risk. These cues, which are released when the skin is damaged, warn nearby individuals of increased predation risk and act as a crucial associative learning tool. Normally, a single exposure of alarm cues paired with an unknown predator odour facilitates learning of that new odour as dangerous. Here, we show that Ambon damselfish, Pomacentrus amboinensis, a species with impaired alarm responses in degraded habitats, failed to learn a novel predator odour as risky when associated with chemical alarm cues. However, in the same degraded habitats, the same species learned to recognize a novel predator as risky when the predator odour was paired with alarm cues of the closely related, and co-occurring, whitetail damselfish, Pomacentrus chrysurus. The importance of this learning opportunity was underscored in a survival experiment which demonstrated that fish in degraded habitats trained with heterospecific alarm cues, had higher survival than those we tried to train with conspecific alarm cues. From these data, we conclude that redundancy in learning mechanisms among prey guild members may lead to increased stability in rapidly changing environments.

Quantifying Anti-predator Responses to Chemical Alarm Cues

2010 ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Wisenden
Keyword(s):  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues

Stress responses to chemical alarm cues in Nile tilapia

2015 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Henrique Carretero Sanches ◽  
Caio Akira Miyai ◽  
Cândido Ferreira Pinho-Neto ◽  
Rodrigo Egydio Barreto
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues

Anti-predator response of naive and experienced common bully to chemical alarm cues

2004 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Kristensen ◽  
G. P. Closs
Keyword(s):  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues ◽  
Predator Response

Social Context Influences the Antipredator Behaviour of Fathead Minnows to Chemical Alarm Cues

Ethology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 112 (8) ◽  
pp. 801-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Pollock ◽  
R. J. Pollock ◽  
D. P. Chivers
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Antipredator Behaviour ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues

Learning About Danger: Chemical Alarm Cues and the Assessment of Predation Risk by Fishes

2007 ◽  
pp. 49-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant E. Brown ◽  
Douglas P. Chivers
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues

scholarly journals Cross-population responses to conspecific chemical alarm cues in wild Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata: evidence for local conservation of cue production

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant E. Brown ◽  
Chris K. Elvidge ◽  
Camille J. Macnaughton ◽  
Indar Ramnarine ◽  
Jean-Guy J. Godin
Keyword(s):  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Local Conservation ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Fish Predator ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues ◽  
Intensity Response ◽  
High Predation ◽  
Predator Model

Within freshwater fishes, closely related species produce alarm cues that are chemically similar, leading to conserved antipredator responses. Similar conservation trends are predicted for species with geographically isolated populations. Here, we tested this hypothesis with the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859) from two populations within the Aripo River, Trinidad. Free-ranging guppies in the Lower Aripo (high-predation population) exhibited more risk-aversive inspection behaviour towards a fish predator model paired with the alarm cues of guppies collected from the same population versus a river water control. In comparison, when paired with the alarm cues of guppies from the Upper Aripo (low-predation population), the response was intermediate. In the laboratory, we tested Upper and Lower Aripo guppies to the alarm cues of the same or different Aripo River donors, Quaré River guppies (a high-predation population from a different drainage), or a water control. Both Upper and Lower Aripo River guppies exhibited the highest intensity response to donors from the same population and the lowest intensity response to Quaré River donors, with the response to different Aripo donors being intermediate. Collectively, these results demonstrate a trend of intraspecific conservation of chemical alarm cue production, leading to population-specific responses to conspecific cues.

Does habitat complexity influence the ability of fathead minnows to learn heterospecific chemical alarm cues?

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 923-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S Pollock ◽  
D P Chivers
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Predatory Fish ◽  
Skin Extract ◽  
Alarm Cues ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Chemical Alarm Cues

Numerous aquatic animals release chemical cues when attacked by a predator. These cues "warn" other individuals of danger and have been termed alarm cues. Cross-species responses to alarm cues are common and in some cases result from learned recognition. However, little is known about the ecological factors that could influence this learned recognition. The current study focuses on the role of habitat complexity in the learning of heterospecific alarm cues. We introduced brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) into outdoor pools containing fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) naïve to stickleback. The pools all contained a predatory fish (northern pike, Esox lucius) but varied in habitat characteristics. Pools representing high-complexity habitats had a large amount of structure to obscure the visual environment, while pools representing low-complexity habitats had minimal structure. After 8 days, fish were removed from the pools and behavioural assays were conducted in the laboratory. We tested the minnows for a response to either stickleback skin extract (experimental) or swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) skin extract (control) and found that minnows conditioned in pools with little structure had learned to recognize stickleback alarm cues, while those from pools with complex structure did not recognize stickleback alarm cues.

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