Correlations and commuting transfer matrices in integrable unitary circuits

We consider a unitary circuit where the underlying gates are chosen to be \check{R}Ř-matrices satisfying the Yang-Baxter equation and correlation functions can be expressed through a transfer matrix formalism. These transfer matrices are no longer Hermitian and differ from the ones guaranteeing local conservation laws, but remain mutually commuting at different values of the spectral parameter defining the circuit. Exact eigenstates can still be constructed as a Bethe ansatz, but while these transfer matrices are diagonalizable in the inhomogeneous case, the homogeneous limit corresponds to an exceptional point where multiple eigenstates coalesce and Jordan blocks appear. Remarkably, the complete set of (generalized) eigenstates is only obtained when taking into account a combinatorial number of nontrivial vacuum states. In all cases, the Bethe equations reduce to those of the integrable spin-1 chain and exhibit a global SU(2) symmetry, significantly reducing the total number of eigenstates required in the calculation of correlation functions. A similar construction is shown to hold for the calculation of out-of-time-order correlations.

Symmetry Methods and Conservation Laws for the Nonlinear Generalized 2D Equal-Width Partial Differential Equation of Engineering

In this work, we study the generalized 2D equal-width equation which arises in various fields of science. With the aid of numerous methods which includes Lie symmetry analysis, power series expansion and Weierstrass method, we produce closed-form solutions of this model. The exact solutions obtained are the snoidal wave, cnoidal wave, Weierstrass elliptic function, Jacobi elliptic cosine function, solitary wave and exponential function solutions. Moreover, we give a graphical representation of the obtained solutions using certain parametric values. Furthermore, the conserved vectors of the underlying equation are constructed by utilizing two approaches: the multiplier method and Noether’s theorem. The multiplier method provided us with four local conservation laws, whereas Noether’s theorem yielded five nonlocal conservation laws. The conservation laws that are constructed contain the conservation of energy and momentum.

Nutritional and Logarithmic Fungal Count of Brewers’ Grain Under Different Conservation Techniques and Brewery Sources

This study was contained two trials. The objectives of the first and the second trials were to explore variations in nutritional merits and investigate the effect of local conservation practices on nutritional and fungal load dynamics of wet brewers’ grain (WBG) received from different brewery sources, respectively. Fresh WBG samples for the first trial were obtained from four breweries (Meta Abo, Habesha, Dashen and Bedele) located in different districts of the country. Brewers’ grain sample received from Meta Abo brewery factory had superiorly higher (p<0.05) acid detergent fiber, lignin and digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD), but comparable dry matter (DM), total ash, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber with the other breweries. In the second trial, an attempt was made to evaluate three locally available WBG conservation practices, preservation of WBG using an ensiling technique maintained feed quality slightly comparable to the control sample (freeze dried ) but outperformed (p<0.05) other locally available conservational practices “soaking” and “sun drying “ with minimal loss on feed DM and other nutrients, lower total fungal, yeast and mold colony counts and above all superior CP digestion kinetics as measured through nylon bag degradability constants. If supply is not a constraint under local conditions, ensiling can fairly be recommended as a best bet WBG conservation practice for use at wider scale.

A Global Red List for Hydrothermal Vent Molluscs

With the accelerating development of direct and indirect anthropogenic threats, including climate change and pollution as well as extractive industries such as deep-sea mining, there is an urgent need for simple but effective solutions to identify conservation priorities for deep-sea species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species is an effective and well-recognized tool to promote the protection of species and presents an opportunity to communicate conservation threats to industry, policy makers, and the general public. Here, we present the Vent Red List for molluscs: a complete global assessment of the extinction risk of all described molluscs endemic to hydrothermal vents, a habitat under imminent threat from deep-sea mining. Of the 184 species assessed, 62% are listed as threatened: 39 are Critically Endangered, 32 are Endangered, and 43 are Vulnerable. In contrast, the 25 species that are fully protected from deep-sea mining by local conservation measures are assessed as Least Concern, and a further 45 species are listed as Near Threatened, where some subpopulations face mining threats while others lie within protected areas. We further examined the risk to faunas at specific vent sites and biogeographic regions using a relative threat index, which highlights the imperiled status of vent fields in the Indian Ocean while other vent sites within established marine protected areas have a high proportion of species assessed as Least Concern. The Vent Red List exemplifies how taxonomy-driven tools can be utilized to support deep-sea conservation and provides a precedent for the application of Red List assessment criteria to diverse taxa from deep-sea habitats.

A symmetry-preserving difference scheme and analytical solutions of a generalized higher-order beam equation

Under investigation in this work is a generalized higher-order beam equation, which is an important physical model and describes the vibrations of a rod. By considering Lie symmetry analysis, and using the power series method, we derive the geometric vector fields, symmetry reductions, group invariant solutions and power series solutions of the equation, respectively. The convergence analysis of the power series solutions are also provided with detailed proof. Furthermore, by virtue of the multipliers, the local conservation laws of the equation are derived as well. Furthermore, an effective and direct approach is proposed to study the symmetry-preserving discretization for the equation via its potential system. Finally, the invariant difference models of the generalized beam equation are successfully constructed. Our results show that it is very useful to construct the difference models of the potential system instead of the original equation.

Island Ecological Tourism: Constructing Indicators of the Tourist Service System in the Penghu National Scenic Area

It is critical to develop a sustainable ecotourism service system for the fragile Penghu National Scenic Area in Taiwan. This study, therefore, adopted the fuzzy Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to establish an index framework. The results identified four dimensions with 21 service factors. The findings are as follows. Safety management capability is found to be the main factor in the ecotourism service system. Ecological diversity is essential for the marine environment and the core resource for ecotourism; the transportation capacity and environmental quality need to be improved. Marine environmental resources are indispensable to the development of ecotourism. In addition, the local community must support ecotourism, natural resources should be protected, and the development of ecotourism needs to support the sustainability of local conservation. Therefore, encouraging local residents and stakeholders to attend and promote ecotourism, establishing a safety management system for ecotourism, developing environmental protection regulations for tourists in ecotourism, and improving tourist satisfaction are vital. The government needs to develop guidelines for the protection of marine resources, plan an ecotourism service system, and improve public and transportation infrastructure to make it safe and accessible.

Results from a conservation initiative for parrotfishes in the Colombian Caribbean

Parrotfish (Family Scaridae) are a family of herbivorous fishes crucial to coral reef health, particularly for Caribbean reefs due to their declining coral cover. However, despite parrotfish are fully protected in some countries, they are still heavy fished in most of their Caribbean range. The consequences of this targeted fishery in the Colombian Caribbean are not fully understood due to a lack of local conservation and management resources. This research aimed to evaluate and enhance the conservation status and protection of parrotfish among local communities in the National Natural Park Corales del Rosario and San Bernardo. Underwater visual census surveys (UVC) were undertaken to evaluate reef fish community structure, and participatory education campaigns and activities were carried out with local communities to raise awareness about parrotfish ecology and their functional role in conserving Caribbean coral reef ecosystems of Colombia. UVC showed parrotfish to be dominant in the fish community, yet there was evidence of exploitation of large adults by selective fishing. Conflicts exist between the community and environmental authorities because fishing regulations are not clear, and the level of enforcement is insufficient. Parrotfish are sold to tourists, as ‘red snapper’ to fulfil high seafood demand since commercially valuable fish are now scarce. However, following intensive awareness-raising activities developed as part of this study, the community has started to recognize the vital ecological role of parrotfish in coral reef systems, and are suggesting a redrafting of fishing legislation by the environmental authorities, in order to recognise and incorporate the traditional fishing rights of human communities living within the MPA. Lobbying for the protection of parrotfish and inclusion of local communities in decision-making will take time, but this research represents the crucial first steps towards sustainable practice and cooperative alliances in the Colombian Caribbean.

Sparganosis (Spirometra spp.) in Asian Water Monitor (Varanus salvator): A medical implications for veterinarians, breeders, and consumers

Background and Aim: The high prevalence of sparganosis has been reported globally, especially in Asian countries where the majority of individuals consume raw meat from wild-caught reptiles. In Indonesia, similar cases regarding the high prevalence of sparganosis were recorded from wild reptiles such as snakes that utilized for culinary purposes, whereas, there are no data regarding other species such as water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), which also provided as daily culinary with a high number of trades. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of sparganosis in water monitor lizard (V. salvator), which is frequently utilized as culinary products in East Java Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 313 living wild-caught and captive-bred Asian water monitor lizards were collected from the reptile markets and breeders. All samples were euthanized and observed for the presence of plerocercoid. Identification of the plerocercoid as larval infective stage was made using carmine staining method. Results: The total prevalence of sparganosis was recorded at 69.64%. A total of 393 plerocercoids were collected in which divided 280 (71.24%) infecting muscles and 113 (28.75%) located in subcutaneous tissues. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study not only recorded as the first evidence but also confirms the role of monitor lizards as sparganosis transmitters in Asia and reveals additional routes of sparganosis transmission in Indonesian reptiles. Local conservation laws should be strengthened to effectively control or ban wildlife trade in traditional markets. Moreover, public awareness regarding sparganosis as a neglected zoonotic disease should be applied to prevent disease transmission in Indonesia.

N-fold Darboux transformation of a six-field integrable lattice system

In this paper, we studied a semidiscrete coupled equation, which is integrable in the sense of admitting Lax representations. Proposed first by Vakhnenko in 2006, local conservation laws and one-fold Darboux transformation were presented with different forms, respectively, in O. O. Vakhnenko, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 84, 014003 (2015); O. O. Vakhnenko, J. Math. Phys. 56, 033505 (2015); O. O. Vakhnenko, J. Math. Phys. 56, 033505 (2015). On the basis of these results, we principally construct [Formula: see text]-fold Darboux transformation by means of researching gauge transformation of its Lax pair, and work out its explicit multisolutions. Given a set of seed solutions and appropriate parameters, we can calculate two-soliton solutions and plot their figures when [Formula: see text].