scholarly journals Underwater sound generation by breaking wind waves

1985 ◽  
Vol 77 (S1) ◽  
pp. S29-S29
Author(s):  
Bryan R. Kerman
Author(s):  
Yury Yu. Yurovsky ◽  
Vladimir N. Kudryavtsev ◽  
Bertrand Chapron ◽  
Semyon A. Grodsky

1991 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Laville ◽  
Grayson D. Abbott ◽  
Matthew J. Miller

Clouds of small bubbles generated by wind waves breaking and producing whitecaps in deep water have been observed below the surface by using an inverted echo sounder. The bubbles are diffused down to several metres below the surface by turbulence against their natural tendency to rise. Measurements have been made at two sites, one in fresh water at Loch Ness and the other in the sea near O ban, northwest Scotland. Sonagraph records show bubble clouds of two distinct types, ‘ columnar clouds’ which appear in unstable or convective conditions w hen the air temperature is less than the surface water temperature, and ‘ billow clouds ’ which appear in stable conditions w hen the air temperature exceeds that of the water. Clouds penetrate deeper as the wind speed increases, and deeper in convective conditions than in stable conditions at the same wind speed. The response to a change in w ind speed occurs in a period of only a few minutes.


1996 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 2716-2716
Author(s):  
Nai‐chyuan Yen

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
G. A. Postnov

1993 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 2809-2820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali R. Kolaini ◽  
Ronald A. Roy ◽  
Lawrence A. Crum ◽  
Yi Mao

1998 ◽  
Vol 212 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.L. Yadav ◽  
V.K. Sayal ◽  
K.P. Maheshwari

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