Increased Interleukin-6 Levels in Nasal Lavage Samples following Experimental Influenza A Virus Infection

ABSTRACT Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleotropic cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of local inflammation during viral upper respiratory infections. This study determined if experimental influenza A virus infection causes local IL-6 production. Seventeen healthy, adult subjects were intranasally inoculated, by course drops, with a safety-tested strain of influenza A/Kawasaki/86 (H1N1) virus. Nasal lavage samples were collected, symptoms were recorded, and expelled nasal secretions were weighed once before and then daily for 8 days after the virus inoculation. Lavage samples were submitted for virus culture and were examined for IL-6 and IL-4 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The IL-6, but not IL-4, levels were significantly increased in the nasal lavage samples of the 12 subjects who shed virus but not in those of the 5 subjects who did not shed virus. Moreover, the elevations in IL-6 levels were related temporally to the development of nasal symptoms and secretions but not to systemic symptoms. These results suggest a role for locally produced IL-6 in the pathogenesis and expressed symptomatology of influenza A virus infection.

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Analysis of Different DNA Vaccines for Protection of Experimental Influenza A Virus Infection

Viral Immunology ◽

10.1089/vim.2011.0001 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 321-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nadine Wiesener ◽

Tatjana Schütze ◽

Sara Lapp ◽

Melissa Lehmann ◽

Nadine Jarasch-Althof ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Dna Vaccines ◽

Influenza A Virus Infection ◽

Experimental Influenza

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Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 in Atherosclerotic Plaque Is Increased by Influenza A Virus Infection

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiz580 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 221 (2) ◽

pp. 256-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Han Sol Lee ◽

Ji Yun Noh ◽

Ok Sarah Shin ◽

Joon Young Song ◽

Hee Jin Cheong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Western Blot ◽

Influenza A Virus ◽

Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Mapk Signaling ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Influenza A Virus Infection ◽

Deficient Mice

Abstract Background Influenza virus infection triggers acute cardiovascular events. Several studies have demonstrated that influenza A virus infection was associated with immune cell influx and increased production of inflammatory cytokines in the atherosclerotic plaque lesion, but the underlying mechanism for these findings is not clear. Methods We examined the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by influenza A virus infection in human cells using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and human MMP-13 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In an animal study, protein expression in the plaque lesions of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results We confirmed that MMP-13 was increased in influenza A virus-infected cells. In the aorta of infected ApoE-deficient mice, MMP-13 was increased at 3 days after infection. Immunohistochemical staining results suggested that collagen was degraded in the MMP-13 expression area and that macrophages were the main source of MMP-13 expression. Furthermore, the expression of MMP-13 was regulated by influenza A virus through activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrated that p38 MAPK-mediated MMP-13 expression by influenza A virus infection led to destabilization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in the artery.

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