scholarly journals A Bidirectional SF2/ASF- and SRp40-Dependent Splicing Enhancer Regulates Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 rev, env, vpu, and nef Gene Expression

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (12) ◽  
pp. 6517-6526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Caputi ◽  
Marcel Freund ◽  
Susanne Kammler ◽  
Corinna Asang ◽  
Heiner Schaal
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Splice Site ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
U1 Snrnp ◽  
Viral Subtypes ◽  
Splicing Enhancer ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT The integrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome is transcribed in a single pre-mRNA that is alternatively spliced into more than 40 mRNAs. We characterized a novel bidirectional exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) that regulates the expression of the HIV-1 env, vpu, rev, and nef mRNAs. The ESE is localized downstream of the vpu-, env-, and nef-specific 3′ splice site no. 5. SF2/ASF and SRp40 activate the ESE and are required for efficient 3′ splice site usage and binding of the U1 snRNP to the downstream 5′ splice site no. 4. U1 snRNP binding to the 5′ splice site no. 4 is required for splicing of the rev and nef mRNAs and to increase expression of the partially spliced env mRNA. Finally, our results indicate that this ESE is necessary for the recruitment of the U1 snRNP to the 5′ splice site no. 4, even when the 5′ splice site and the U1 snRNA have been mutated to obtain a perfect complementary match. The ESE characterized here is highly conserved in most viral subtypes.

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 hnRNP A/B-Dependent Exonic Splicing Silencer ESSV Antagonizes Binding of U2AF65 to Viral Polypyrimidine Tracts

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (23) ◽  
pp. 8762-8772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey K. Domsic ◽  
Yibin Wang ◽  
Akila Mayeda ◽  
Adrian R. Krainer ◽  
C. Martin Stoltzfus
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Splice Site ◽  
Independent Functions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
U1 Snrnp ◽  
Precursor Rna ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exonic splicing silencers (ESSs) inhibit production of certain spliced viral RNAs by repressing alternative splicing of the viral precursor RNA. Several HIV-1 ESSs interfere with spliceosome assembly by binding cellular hnRNP A/B proteins. Here, we have further characterized the mechanism of splicing repression using a representative HIV-1 hnRNP A/B-dependent ESS, ESSV, which regulates splicing at the vpr 3′ splice site. We show that hnRNP A/B proteins bound to ESSV are necessary to inhibit E complex assembly by competing with the binding of U2AF65 to the polypyrimidine tracts of repressed 3′ splice sites. We further show evidence suggesting that U1 snRNP binds the 5′ splice site despite an almost complete block of splicing by ESSV. Possible splicing-independent functions of U1 snRNP-5′ splice site interactions during virus replication are discussed.

scholarly journals Regulation of vif mRNA Splicing by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Requires 5′ Splice Site D2 and an Exonic Splicing Enhancer To Counteract Cellular Restriction Factor APOBEC3G

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 6067-6078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dibyakanti Mandal ◽  
Colin M. Exline ◽  
Zehua Feng ◽  
C. Martin Stoltzfus
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Splice Site ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Exonic Splicing Enhancer ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Splicing Enhancer ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein Vif is encoded by an incompletely spliced mRNA resulting from splicing of the major splice donor in the HIV-1 genome, 5′ splice site (5′ss) D1, to the first splice acceptor, 3′ss A1. We have shown previously that splicing of HIV-1 vif mRNA is tightly regulated by suboptimal 5′ss D2, which is 50 nucleotides downstream of 3′ss A1; a GGGG silencer motif proximal to 5′ss D2; and an SRp75-dependent exonic splicing enhancer (ESEVif). In agreement with the exon definition hypothesis, mutations within 5′ss D2 that are predicted to increase or decrease U1 snRNP binding affinity increase or decrease the usage of 3′ss A1 (D2-up and D2-down mutants, respectively). In this report, the importance of 5′ss D2 and ESEVif for avoiding restriction of HIV-1 by APOBEC3G (A3G) was determined by testing the infectivities of a panel of mutant viruses expressing different levels of Vif. The replication of D2-down and ESEVif mutants in permissive CEM-SS cells was not significantly different from that of wild-type HIV-1. Mutants that expressed Vif in 293T cells at levels greater than 10% of that of the wild type replicated similarly to the wild type in H9 cells, and Vif levels as low as 4% were affected only modestly in H9 cells. This is in contrast to Vif-deleted HIV-1, whose replication in H9 cells was completely inhibited. To test whether elevated levels of A3G inhibit replication of D2-down and ESEVif mutants relative to wild-type virus replication, a Tet-off Jurkat T-cell line that expressed approximately 15-fold-higher levels of A3G than control Tet-off cells was generated. Under these conditions, the fitness of all D2-down mutant viruses was reduced relative to that of wild-type HIV-1, and the extent of inhibition was correlated with the level of Vif expression. The replication of an ESEVif mutant was also inhibited only at higher levels of A3G. Thus, wild-type 5′ss D2 and ESEVif are required for production of sufficient Vif to allow efficient HIV-1 replication in cells expressing relatively high levels of A3G.

scholarly journals The Exon Splicing Silencer in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat Exon 3 Is Bipartite and Acts Early in Spliceosome Assembly

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 5404-5413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-hai Si ◽  
Dan Rauch ◽  
C. Martin Stoltzfus
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Splice Site ◽  
Early Step ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Exon Splicing ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Inefficient splicing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA is necessary to preserve unspliced and singly spliced viral RNAs for transport to the cytoplasm by the Rev-dependent pathway. Signals within the HIV-1 genome that control the rate of splicing include weak 3′ splice sites, exon splicing enhancers (ESE), and exon splicing silencers (ESS). We have previously shown that an ESS present withintat exon 2 (ESS2) and a suboptimal 3′ splice site together act to inhibit splicing at the 3′ splice site flanking tatexon 2. This occurs at an early step in spliceosome assembly. Splicing at the 3′ splice site flanking tat exon 3 is regulated by a bipartite element composed of an ESE and an ESS (ESS3). Here we show that ESS3 is composed of two smaller elements (AGAUCC and UUAG) that can inhibit splicing independently. We also show that ESS3 is more active in the context of a heterologous suboptimal splice site than of an optimal 3′ splice site. ESS3 inhibits splicing by blocking the formation of a functional spliceosome at an early step, since A complexes are not detected in the presence of ESS3. Competitor RNAs containing either ESS2 or ESS3 relieve inhibition of splicing of substrates containing ESS3 or ESS2. This suggests that a common cellular factor(s) may be required for the inhibition oftat mRNA splicing mediated by ESS2 and ESS3.

scholarly journals Nonpolymorphic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Treatment-Selected Mutations

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 4869-4878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajin Shahriar ◽  
Soo-Yon Rhee ◽  
Tommy F. Liu ◽  
W. Jeffrey Fessel ◽  
Anthony Scarsella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Subtypes ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT The spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations selected by antiretroviral (ARV) drugs requires ongoing reassessment as ARV treatment patterns evolve and increasing numbers of protease and RT sequences of different viral subtypes are published. Accordingly, we compared the prevalences of protease and RT mutations in HIV-1 group M sequences from individuals with and without a history of previous treatment with protease inhibitors (PIs) or RT inhibitors (RTIs). Mutations in protease sequences from 26,888 individuals and in RT sequences from 25,695 individuals were classified according to whether they were nonpolymorphic in untreated individuals and whether their prevalence increased fivefold with ARV therapy. This analysis showed that 88 PI-selected and 122 RTI-selected nonpolymorphic mutations had a prevalence that was fivefold higher in individuals receiving ARVs than in ARV-naïve individuals. This was an increase of 47% and 77%, respectively, compared with the 60 PI- and 69 RTI-selected mutations identified in a similar analysis that we published in 2005 using subtype B sequences obtained from one-fourth as many individuals. In conclusion, many nonpolymorphic mutations in protease and RT are under ARV selection pressure. The spectrum of treatment-selected mutations is changing as data for more individuals are collected, treatment exposures change, and the number of available sequences from non-subtype B viruses increases.

scholarly journals Presence of exon splicing silencers within human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat exon 2 and tat-rev exon 3: evidence for inhibition mediated by cellular factors.

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 4606-4615 ◽  
Author(s):  
B A Amendt ◽  
Z H Si ◽  
C M Stoltzfus
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Splice Site ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Exon Splicing ◽  
Cellular Factors ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pre-mRNA splicing is regulated in order to maintain pools of unspliced and partially spliced viral RNAs as well as the appropriate levels of multiply spliced mRNAs during virus infection. We have previously described an element in tat exon 2 that negatively regulates splicing at the upstream tat 3' splice site 3 (B. A. Amendt, D. Hesslein, L.-J. Chang, and C. M. Stoltzfus, Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:3960-3970, 1994). In this study, we further defined the element to a 20-nucleotide (nt) region which spans the C-terminal vpr and N-terminal tat coding sequences. By analogy with exon splicing enhancer (ESE) elements, we have termed this element an exon splicing silencer (ESS). We show evidence for another negative cis-acting region within tat-rev exon 3 of HIV-1 RNA that has sequence motifs in common with a 20-nt ESS element in tat exon 2. This sequence is juxtaposed to a purine-rich ESE element to form a bipartite element regulating splicing at the upstream tat-rev 3' splice site. Inhibition of the splicing of substrates containing the ESS element in tat exon 2 occurs at an early stage of spliceosome assembly. The inhibition of splicing mediated by the ESS can be specifically abrogated by the addition of competitor RNA. Our results suggest that HIV-1 RNA splicing is regulated by cellular factors that bind to positive and negative cis elements in tat exon 2 and tat-rev exon 3.

scholarly journals Presence of negative and positive cis-acting RNA splicing elements within and flanking the first tat coding exon of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 3960-3970 ◽  
Author(s):  
B A Amendt ◽  
D Hesslein ◽  
L J Chang ◽  
C M Stoltzfus
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Splice Site ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA follows a complex splicing pathway in which a single primary transcript either remains unspliced or is alternatively spliced to more than 30 different singly and multiply spliced mRNAs. We have used an in vitro splicing assay to identify cis elements within the viral genome that regulate HIV-1 RNA splicing. A novel splicing regulatory element (SRE) within the first tat coding exon has been detected. This element specifically inhibits splicing at the upstream 3' splice site flanking this tat exon. The element only functions when in the sense orientation and is position dependent when inserted downstream of a heterologous 3' splice site. In vivo, an HIV-1 SRE mutant demonstrated a decrease in unspliced viral RNA, increased levels of single- and double-spliced tat mRNA, and reduced levels of env and rev mRNAs. In addition to the negative cis-acting SRE, the flanking 5' splice site downstream of the first tat coding exon acts positively to increase splicing at the upstream 3' splice sites. These results are consistent with hypotheses of bridging interactions between cellular factors that bind to the 5' splice site and those that bind at the upstream 3' splice site.

Presence of negative and positive cis-acting RNA splicing elements within and flanking the first tat coding exon of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 3960-3970
Author(s):  
B A Amendt ◽  
D Hesslein ◽  
L J Chang ◽  
C M Stoltzfus
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Splice Site ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA follows a complex splicing pathway in which a single primary transcript either remains unspliced or is alternatively spliced to more than 30 different singly and multiply spliced mRNAs. We have used an in vitro splicing assay to identify cis elements within the viral genome that regulate HIV-1 RNA splicing. A novel splicing regulatory element (SRE) within the first tat coding exon has been detected. This element specifically inhibits splicing at the upstream 3' splice site flanking this tat exon. The element only functions when in the sense orientation and is position dependent when inserted downstream of a heterologous 3' splice site. In vivo, an HIV-1 SRE mutant demonstrated a decrease in unspliced viral RNA, increased levels of single- and double-spliced tat mRNA, and reduced levels of env and rev mRNAs. In addition to the negative cis-acting SRE, the flanking 5' splice site downstream of the first tat coding exon acts positively to increase splicing at the upstream 3' splice sites. These results are consistent with hypotheses of bridging interactions between cellular factors that bind to the 5' splice site and those that bind at the upstream 3' splice site.

scholarly journals An Intact TAR Element and Cytoplasmic Localization Are Necessary for Efficient Packaging of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genomic RNA

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 4127-4135 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Helga-Maria ◽  
Marie-Louise Hammarskjöld ◽  
David Rekosh
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Splice Site ◽  
Genomic Rna ◽  
Rna Packaging ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Stem Structure

ABSTRACT Although most reports defining the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomic RNA packaging signal have focused on the region downstream of the major 5′ splice site, others have suggested that sequences upstream of the splice site may also play an important role. In this study we have directly examined the role played by the HIV-1 TAR region in RNA packaging. For these experiments we used a proviral expression system that is largely independent of Tat for transcriptional activation. This allowed us to create constructs that efficiently expressed RNAs carrying mutations in TAR and to determine the ability of these RNAs to be packaged. Our results indicate that loss of sequences in TAR significantly reduce the ability of a viral RNA to be packaged. The requirement for TAR sequences in RNA packaging was further examined by using a series of missense mutations positioned throughout the entire TAR structure. TAR mutations previously shown to influence Tat transactivation, such as G31U in the upper loop region or UCU to AAG in the bulge (nucleotides [nt] 22 to 24), failed to have any effect on RNA packaging. Mutations which disrupted the portion of the TAR stem immediately below the bulge also had little effect. In contrast, dramatic effects on RNA packaging were observed with constructs containing mutations in the lower portion of the TAR stem. Point mutations which altered nt 5 to 9, 10 to 15, 44 to 49, or 50 to 54 all reduced RNA packaging 11- to 25-fold. However, compensatory double mutations which restored the stem structure were able to restore packaging. These results indicate that an intact lower stem structure, rather than a specific sequence, is required for RNA packaging. Our results also showed that RNA molecules retained within the nucleus cannot be packaged, unless they are transported to the cytoplasm by either Rev/Rev response element or the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus constitutive transport element.

scholarly journals An Exonic Splicing Silencer Downstream of the 3′ Splice Site A2 Is Required for Efficient Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (16) ◽  
pp. 10478-10486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Madsen ◽  
C. Martin Stoltzfus
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Splice Site ◽  
Viral Mrna ◽  
Splice Sites ◽  
Splicing Silencer ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Alternative splicing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomic mRNA produces more than 40 unique viral mRNA species, of which more than half remain incompletely spliced within an HIV-1-infected cell. Regulation of splicing at HIV-1 3′ splice sites (3′ss) requires suboptimal polypyrimidine tracts, and positive or negative regulation of splicing occurs through binding of cellular factors to cis-acting splicing regulatory elements. We have previously shown that splicing at HIV-1 3′ss A2, which produces vpr mRNA and promotes inclusion of HIV-1 exon 3, is repressed by the hnRNP A/B-dependent exonic splicing silencer ESSV. Here we show that ESSV activity downstream of 3′ss A2 is localized to a 16-nucleotide element within HIV-1 exon 3. HIV-1 replication was reduced by 95% when ESSV was inactivated by mutagenesis. Reduced replication was concomitant with increased inclusion of exon 3 within spliced viral mRNA and decreased accumulation of unspliced viral mRNA, resulting in decreased cell-associated p55 Gag. Prolonged culture of ESSV mutant viruses resulted in two independent second-site reversions disrupting the splice sites that define exon 3, 3′ss A2 and 5′ splice site D3. Either of these changes restored both HIV-1 replication and regulated viral splicing. Therefore, inhibition of HIV-1 3′ss A2 splicing is necessary for HIV-1 replication.

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