Abstract. The speciation of metals, i.e. in which chemical form they occur, controls their mobility, bioavailability and toxicity. The overall objective of this study is to extend the knowledge on the spreading of metals in non-acidic river systems; this knowledge is currently much more limited than the knowledge on metal behavior under acidic conditions that for instance are found in acid mine drainage systems. We combine novel measurements of metal spreading under distinctly high-pH conditions (up to 9.6) in the Tuul River at the Zaamar Goldfield mining site (Upper Lake Baikal Drainage Basin, Mongolia) with a geochemical modelling approach (Visual MINTEQ). Total mass flows of several metals (Al, Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb and V) showed net increases over the mining site, with metals in suspension generally dominating the total export from the site. Model results showed that a main difference from acid mine drainage geochemistry is that the prevailing high pH causes precipitation of ferrihydrite and gibbsite, which removed between 90 to 100% of Fe and Al from solution. This notably influenced the behavior of As, Pb and V since their solubilities are controlled by sorption onto ferrihydrite. The combined effects from such geochemical processes (precipitation, sorption) hence explain the high impact of suspended transport to total transport under high pH conditions. Arsenic furthermore showed dissolved concentrations above health risk-based guideline values in several locations and can thus be of main toxic concern in the upper Lake Baikal Drainage Basin. Moreover, present modelling showed that in particular the solubility of Fe, Pb and Zn can increase considerably as DOC concentrations increase due to metal-organic complexation. In high pH systems, seasonality of DOC concentrations can therefore have a major influence on the spreading and toxicity of these metals, as can DOC trends caused by land use change. Present results also suggest that the behavior of Cr, Cu and Mo would be much better understood if a dependable adsorption database for hydroxyapatite could be developed.
Iron terraces in acid mine drainage systems: A discussion about the organic and inorganic factors involved in their formation through observations from the Tintillo acidic river (Riotinto mine, Huelva, Spain)