PATHOGENIC FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH A BARK BEETLE ON ALPINE FIR

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Molnar
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus

Unexplained mortality associated with attacks of the western balsam bark beetle (Dryocoetes confusus Sw.) in alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) was found to be caused by a beetle–fungus complex. Not all trees attacked were killed, but surviving trees were left with lesions which provided potential entrance courts for decay fungi. Four closely related fungi, isolated from necrotic lesions centered at beetle bore holes, were shown by inoculation to be pathogenic. Ceratocystis dryocoetidis Kendrick and Molnar was the most virulent of these fungi on the basis of the size of lesions produced. C. dryocoetidis caused cambial and inner bark necrosis, while the other three fungi produced necrosis and blue staining of the sapwood.

scholarly journals A comparative characteristic of fungal communities associated with Ips acuminatus in different regions of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Kateryna Davydenko
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Sphaeropsis Sapinea

Pine bark beetles are typically associated with complexes of fungi that could reveal different functional interaction. Thus, previously nonaggressive bark beetle Ips acuminatus is considering now to be among the most serious pests of pine forest in Ukraine and other European countries and vectored fungal community is very important to assess total harm of this bark beetle. The aim of this study was to reveal the vectored fungal community associated with the pine engraver beetle, I. acuminatus with special emphasis on pathogenic fungi for further evaluation of harm bark-beetle - fungi association for Ukrainian forest. In total, 288 adult beetles were collected from Scots pine trees at six different sites through Ukraine. DNA sequencing as fungal culturing from all beetles resulted in 1681 isolates and amplicons representing 42 fungal taxa. NCBI BLAST search revealed that the overall fungal community was composed of 94 species, of which 80.85% were Ascomycota, followed by Basidiomycota and unidentified fungal group, which accounted for 10.6% and 8.5 % of the total sequences, respectively. Among these, the most commonly detected fungi for pooling dataset were Sphaeropsis sapinea (23.6%), Cladosporium pini-ponderosae (19.44%), Ophiostoma ips (19.1%), Ophiostoma canum (19.1%) and Cladobotryum mycophilum (18.06%). In the pooled dataset of isolates and amplicons for each site, Shannon diversity indices ranged between 1.9 and 2.9 while Simpson diversity index varied between 0.69 and 0.89 indicating rich species diversity. In total twelve ophiostomatoid species were detected. All ophiostomatoid fungi were showing varying degrees of virulence and O. minus was the most aggressive fungus in previous studies. It is concluded that I. acuminatus vectors a species-rich fungal community including pathogens such as ophiostomatoid fungi, Sphaeropsis sapinea, different needle pathogens and wood decay fungi that seems to be very important for the assessment of threat of I. acuminatus to the pine forest in Ukraine.

RESPONSE OF THE WESTERN BALSAM BARK BEETLE, DRYOCOETES CONFUSUS SWAINE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), TO HOST TREES BAITED WITH ENANTIOSPECIFIC BLENDS OF EXO- AND ENDO-BREVICOMIN

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro D. Camacho ◽  
John H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Host Trees

AbstractThe response of the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to subalpine firs, Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., baited with (±)-exo-brevicomin (EXOB) or 9:1 blends of EXOB and endo-brevicomin (ENDOB), in two chiral combinations: (+):(±) and (+):(+), was assessed in a heavily infested stand in British Columbia. Unbaited control trees were not attacked, and the proportion of mass-attacked baited trees was similar for all other treatments. However, trees baited with the (+):(+) blend had the highest number of attacks per square metre, and they were also surrounded by the most attacked trees. The (+):(±) blend was intermediate in attractancy, and (±)EXOB was the least attractive bait. Pheromone-based management of D. confusus infestations may be more effective with the 9:1 blend of (+)EXOB:(+)ENDOB than with the previously used (±)EXOB baits.

A NEW CERATOCYSTIS AND ITS VERTICICLADIELLA IMPERFECT STATE ASSOCIATED WITH THE BARK BEETLE DRYOCOETES CONFUSUS ON ABIES LASIOCARPA

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bryce Kendrick ◽  
A. C. Molnar
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Conidial State ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Imperfect State

A new Ceratocystis and its Verticicladiella conidial state are described and illustrated. This fungus has been frequently isolated from necrotic lesions associated with attacks by the bark beetle Dryocoetes confusus on Abies lasiocarpa, and is believed to be an important pathogen.

THE FUNGUS BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (DEUTEROMYCOTINA: HYPHOMYCETACEAE) IN THE WESTERN BALSAM BARK BEETLE, DRYOCOETES CONFUSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (10) ◽  
pp. 1419-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Whitney ◽  
D. C. Ritchie ◽  
J. H. Borden ◽  
A. J. Stock
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Fungus Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Healthy Males

AbstractThe natural occurrence of beauveriosis in Dryocoetes confusus (Swaine) in Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. in British Columbia is reported, and the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. isolated from D. confusus was confirmed experimentally. Also, direct observations of newly established pairs of D. confusus in glass – phloem sandwich cultures showed that cadavers of B. bassiana-killed females were walled-off with frass by healthy males.

SECONDARY ATTRACTION IN THE WESTERN BALSAM BARK BEETLE, DRYOCOETES CONFUSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Stock ◽  
J. H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Male Attractant ◽  
Antiaggregation Pheromone ◽  
Primary Attraction ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays ◽  
Secondary Attraction

AbstractEvidence for secondary attraction in the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, was obtained in laboratory bioassays and field experiments. Both sexes showed positive responses to volatiles of the host tree, Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., indicating that primary attraction is probably important in host selection by this species. Male beetles initiated attack and within 6 h produced an aggregation pheromone(s), which was present in frass and in pentane extracts of the abdomens of males excised from logs. Both sexes responded to the pheromone. Abdominal extract of unmated males which had bored into host bark for 14 days was still attractive. Pheromone production was induced by exposing males to host resin volatiles. Mating had no effect on male attractiveness, but induced females to produce an antiaggregation pheromone which, in laboratory bioassays, at least partially inhibited response to male attractant. The attractive volatiles from male-infested logs were successfully captured on Porapak Q®. The development of laboratory bioassay and pheromone extraction techniques indicates that a pheromone isolation program is feasible.

ENDO-BREVICOMIN: AN ANTIAGGREGATION PHEROMONE FOR THE WESTERN BALSAM BARK BEETLE, DRYOCOETES CONFUSUS SWAINE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Stock ◽  
J.H. Borden ◽  
T.L. Pratt ◽  
H.D. Pierce ◽  
B.D. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Antiaggregation Pheromone ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

AbstractLaboratory bioassays and field tests demonstrated that the (+) enantiomer of endo-brevicomin is an antiaggregation pheromone for the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine. (+)-endo-Brevicomin significantly reduced the response of beetles of both sexes to the aggregation pheromone exo-brevicomin in laboratory bioassays and in field experiments using multiple-funnel traps. It also prevented attack on subalpine fir, Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt., trees baited with exo-brevicomin. The (−) enantiomer of endo-brevicomin was inactive. These results suggest that (+) or (±)-endo-brevicomin has potential for protecting selected trees from attack, or suppressing western balsam bark beetle activity in high hazard or infested stands.

Characteristics of subalpine fir susceptible to attack by western balsam bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1538-1543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine P Bleiker ◽  
B Staffan Lindgren ◽  
Lorraine E Maclauchlan
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rating Model ◽  
Tree Characteristics

A diameter distribution survey at three sites in the interior of British Columbia revealed that the western balsam bark beetle (Dryocoetes confusus Swaine) predominately attacked trees from the three to four largest diameter classes at each site. However, the mean diameter of attacked trees was significantly different among sites, indicating that factors other than diameter contribute to the susceptibility of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) to the western balsam bark beetle. A number of tree characteristics, including measures of growth, age, crown size, and phloem thickness, were compared among a total of 22 successfully attacked, 26 unsuccessfully attacked, and 28 unattacked trees at three sites. Of the 12 tree characteristics measured, five showed significant differences between successfully attacked and unattacked trees. Successfully attacked trees had a lower percentage of the bole covered with constant crown, lower crown volume, lower radial growth in the last 5 years, and were older than unattacked trees. Successfully attacked trees also produced less induced resinosis than unsuccessfully attacked trees. The results of this study suggest that western balsam bark beetle mortality may be limited by the presence and distribution of susceptible hosts. The study also identifies a number of variables that could be used in a susceptibility and risk rating model for western balsam bark beetle.

An Examination of Baker's Acid Haematein Test for Phospholipines

1947 ◽  
Vol s3-88 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-478
Author(s):  
A. J. CAIN
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Whole Class ◽  
Dark Blue ◽  
General Explanation

1. Baker's acid haematein test for phospholipines is specific provided that only a definite positively result is considered. Very pale blues and greys may be caused by other lipoids, which if present in very large masses may possibly show medium to dark blue granules but will not be coloured all through. 2. The mechanism of the test appears to be as follows: (a) Phospholipine is not fixed by formal-calcium but is restrained from passing into solution by the calcium ions, which play no other part. (b) Phospholipine combines readily with chromium from the mordanting fluid, and is then rendered insoluble and mordanted. Other substances, acidic and usually containing phosphorus, are mordanted as well. (c) On staining, blue and brown colorations are formed; in both cases the dye attaches itself to the chromium in the various substrates. (d) On differentiation, some browns and most blues, particularly those with phosphoric substrates, remain nearly fast, but most browns and the weak blues of certain lipoids (not phospholipines) are greatly reduced or removed entirely. The period of differentiation must not be shortened. (e) Blue-staining lipoids (phospholipines) are distinguished from other blue-staining substances by an extraction with the lipoid solvent pyridine, after special fixation. The other substances, and any bound lipoid not removable with pyridine, remain. 3. Since the specificity of the test depends on the relatively greater affinity of phospholipines among lipoids for the mordant, the period of chroming must not be lengthened. 4. One reason why some substances are coloured after pyridine extraction but not after acid haematein is that in the former case they are precipitated and so concentrated; in the latter they are not. This is not a general explanation for the whole class of such substances.

Semiochemicals produced by western balsam bark beetle,Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Borden ◽  
A. M. Pierce ◽  
H. D. Pierce ◽  
L. J. Chong ◽  
A. J. Stock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Dryocoetes Confusus

Thyroid Follicular Hyperplasia Associated With Massive Extracellular Mucin Deposition

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Nesa ◽  
Luca Poggi ◽  
Stefano Ferrero ◽  
Alessandro Del Gobbo
Keyword(s):  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Alcian Blue Staining ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Stromal Compartment ◽  
Follicular Hyperplasia ◽  
Nodular Hyperplasia ◽  
Thyroid Parenchyma

Extensive extracellular mucin deposition is a rare pathological thyroid condition with 6 cases described in literature so far. We report another case of a 67-year-old woman, discussing histopathological features, and review the literature. Our findings showed a diffuse mucin deposition in the stromal compartment of thyroid parenchyma. Histochemical stainings showed positivity for Alcian blue staining, but not for periodic acid–Shiff staining. Our case is peculiar because this mucin deposition was associated with benign nodular hyperplasia, in contrast with the other 6 reports, which described the same stromal alterations associated with benign or malignant thyroid tumors.

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