General Explanation of Aspirin: Recent and Future Advancement

Salicylates have been derived from the willow tree bark. Acetylsalicylic acid has analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Salicylate elimination happens throughout dual pathways via the invention of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide. Salicylic acid is renally cleared, which can be escalated by ascending the urinary pH. Medicines like antacids can accelerate renal clearance as they ascend urinary pH. Aspirin should be used with chariness in children taking some distinctive medications. Levels of methotrexate, valproic acid, phenytoin, and disparate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (tolmetin, diclofenac) perhaps escalated in children who are also taking aspirin.

Data Shepherding in Nanotechnology: An Antimicrobial Functionality Data Capture Template

In this paper, we exhibit how to construct a template for capturing antimicrobial capacity data of nanomaterials or nanoenabled products. The template promotes the principles of making data scientifically findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR), encouraging scientists to reuse it. The template construction roadmap entails the following steps: (1) recognize appropriate stakeholders, (2) allocate surveys to collect a general explanation of the data that will be created, (3) comprehend each stakeholder’s requirements, (4) cooperating and using straightforward communication with the participants for the selection of the minimum data requirement reporting and (5) template layout and ontological annotation. We provide an annotated template for capturing antimicrobial data, increasing their interoperability while populating it with real measurements as an example. By applying the roadmap or by utilizing the template portrayed herein, in the case of a safe-by-design nanoproject (Anticipating Safety Issues at the Design of Nano Product Development (ASINA)), data creators of antimicrobial assessments can store the data using the FAIR approach. Furthermore, data shepherds and scientists can skip the lengthy template generation process and speed up the community’s progress on the FAIR route.

Reprezentarea sfintelor femei în bisericile pictate în timpul lui Ștefan cel Mare în Moldova. Două exemple

The aim of this paper is to present some results of my research regarding the representation of holy women in the Moldavian churches during the reign of Stephen the Great. Most frequently, these images are found in the narthex of the church, a space of lesser spiritual intensity. A general explanation for the depiction of holy women in the narthex is related to the actual presence of women in this space during the mass and to their role in the funerary ritual and the commemoration of the dead which take place here. My study focuses on the cases of Saints Mary of Egypt and Marina the Great Martyr, the two most depicted saints in the Moldavian churches. Firstly, they have a specific way of representation, in a narrative scene. Saint Mary of Egypt is depicted as an ascetic figure together with Saint Zosimas from whom she receives the Holy Eucharist, while Saint Marina wears a red maphorion and is depicted hammering a demon. Secondly, they both have a well-defined place on the church walls, as a result of the hagiography, playing a symbolic role in the economy of space and in the iconographic program. Saint Mary of Egypt has a place in the passageway areas, in interaction with the architecture. Her representation offers an example of repentance for the believers, reassuring them of the mercifulness of God. Saint Marina is placed close to the entrances of the church, may they be doors or windows, for her role in protecting the sacred places.

KAIDAH PENULISAN MA ZAIDAH AL-KAFFAH DALAM PEMBELAJARAN QAWAID AL-IMLA’

Maa is one of the particles whose frequency of use in Arabic is quite high, both spoken and written. In its use, mā in different sentence constructions will produce different meanings, so it is important to study it. The method used in this research is a qualitative method, with four stages, namely data collection, data tabulation, data analysis, and presentation of data analysis results. The results of this study are the use of Maa in the sentence structure of Arabic language, affixes forming verbs with akhrufu ziyadah forming mazid verbs, namely verbs with certain patterns. The akhrufu ziyadah includes one letter, two letters, and three Arabic letters occupying various positions, namely the beginning of the sentence, the middle of the sentence, and the end of the sentence. The Maa in each of these structures produces various grammatical meanings. Maa which is located at the beginning can have several grammatical meanings, including the meaning of negation, non-personal question words, conditional or conditional markers, admiration markers. Maa which is in the middle of a sentence has a grammatical meaning as a general explanation of non-personal constituents. The Maa which is located at the end gives rise to a grammatical meaning, namely as a disguise or blurring of the meaning of the previous constituents. One way so that someone does not err in understanding the meaning of a verse if Maa ziyadah is included is that we must know the meaning of Maa zaidah al-kaffah, the kinds of letters Maa, and learn the writing technique.

Implementing the Water–Energy–Food–Ecosystems Nexus and Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

The book's primary intention is to serve as a roadmap for professionals working in developing countries interested in the Nexus Water–Energy–Food–Ecosystems (WEFE) approach. The book shows a multi-disciplinary approach, showcasing the importance of the proper use of Nexus WEFE when implementing certain development programs in regions around the globe. It can be presented as a manual for an individual that either wishes to implement intervention projects following the NEXUS approach or students interested in cooperation and development. The book begins with a general explanation of the theoretical concepts and implementation processes of Nexus WEFE and continues with case studies, explaining the importance of proper implementation and potential drawbacks and solutions to them. This book has a particular focus on the European Union cooperation policies when implementing such an approach in developing countries. ISBN: 9781789062588 (paperback) ISBN: 9781789062595 (eBook) ISBN: 9789276310914 (EC)

Neorealism, neoclassical realism and the problem(s) of history

Following scholarship on IR’s ‘historical turn’ as well as on neorealism and neoclassical realism, this article finds fault particularly in neorealism’s implicit reliance on the historically contingent but incompletely conceptualised transmission of systemic factors into state behaviour. Instead, it suggests that neoclassical realism (NCR) is well-suited to leveraging ‘history’ in systematic and general explanation. This article interrogates two routes towards a historically sensitive NCR (intervening variables and structural modifiers), and how they enable different operationalisations of ‘history’ as a sequence of events, cognitive tool or collective narrative. The first route suggests history underpins concepts and variables currently used by neoclassical realists. Here, history is more easily operationalised and allows a clearer view at learning and emulation processes. It is also more clearly scoped, and therefore less ‘costly’ in terms of paradigmatic distinctiveness. The second route, in which history modifies structural incentives and constraints, is more theoretically challenging especially in terms of differentiating NCR from constructivist approaches, but lends itself to theorising systemic change. Both routes provide fruitful avenues for realist theorising, can serve to emancipate NCR from neorealism in IR and foster cross-paradigmatic dialog. Examining how ‘history’ can be leveraged in realism allows interrogating how other ‘mainstream’, positivist approaches can and should leverage historical contingency, context and evidence to explain international processes and outcomes.

V Omission, in Particular Command Responsibility

This chapter continues the effort of this Volume to combine both comparative legal concepts with unique features of International Criminal Law. It is thus a direct result of the foundational work in Chapter II: International Criminal Law’s focus on individual criminal responsibility leads to an expressive purpose of punishments that again requires a criminalization of remote behavior by commanders and State leaders. This criminalization is based on the centuries old debate revolving around liability for omission. The chapter thus starts with a general explanation of the concept of omission vis-á-vis action. The author answers the question of whether a general omission liability exists in International Criminal Law affirmatively, recognizing a general principle of law, albeit with strict requirements. Drawing on the results from Chapter II, the author argues in favor of a criminalization of omission based on the prevention of harm and the protection of important legal goods/interests. The basis for this criminalization/liability is the respective person’s duty to act.

Why They Know Not What They Do: A Social Constructionist Approach to the Explanatory Problem of False Consciousness

False consciousness requires a general explanation for why, and how, oppressed individuals believe propositions against, as opposed to aligned with, their own well-being in virtue of their oppressed status. This involves four explanatory desiderata: belief acquisition, content prevalence, limitation, and systematicity. A social constructionist approach satisfies these by understanding the concept of false consciousness as regulating social research rather than as determining the exact mechanisms for all instances: the concept attunes us to a complex of mechanisms conducing oppressed individuals to mistake social understandings of themselves as natural self-understandings—the limits lie where these overlap, or are entirely absent.

Mimicry in motion and morphology: do information limitation, trade-offs or compensation relax selection for mimetic accuracy?

Many animals mimic dangerous or undesirable prey as a defence from predators. We would expect predators to reliably avoid animals that closely resemble dangerous prey, yet imperfect mimics are common across a wide taxonomic range. There have been many hypotheses suggested to explain imperfect mimicry, but comparative tests across multiple mimicry systems are needed to determine which are applicable, and which—if any—represent general principles governing imperfect mimicry. We tested four hypotheses on Australian ant mimics and found support for only one of them: the information limitation hypothesis. A predator with incomplete information will be unable to discriminate some poor mimics from their models. We further present a simple model to show that predators are likely to operate with incomplete information because they forage and make decisions while they are learning, so might never learn to properly discriminate poor mimics from their models. We found no evidence that one accurate mimetic trait can compensate for, or constrain, another, or that rapid movement reduces selection pressure for good mimicry. We argue that information limitation may be a general principle behind imperfect mimicry of complex traits, while interactions between components of mimicry are unlikely to provide a general explanation for imperfect mimicry.

The economics of team sport in Europe: production, monetization, deficit and regulation

International audience This article deals with the economics of professional sport in Europe. Its objective is twofold: firstly, to propose a "vertical" vision, from production to the necessary regulation, including the study of the conditions for monetising sports shows produced by professional sports clubs in Europe; secondly, to put forward a general explanation for the persistence of deficits (DNCG data and similar organisations) of many of these clubs. This article deliberately places itself, unlike many other contributions, in a global (macroeconomic) perspective. It underlines: the universality and singularity of the production of sports shows, the specific conditions of their monetisation; presents, the origin of the deficits and the means nowadays chosen by professional clubs to try to cope with them and finally leads to an original proposal for regulation. Cet article traite de l'économie du sport professionnel en Europe. Son objectif est double : en premier lieu, proposer une vision « verticale », allant de la production à la nécessaire régulation, en passant par l'étude des conditions de monétisation des spectacles sportifs réalisés par les clubs sportifs professionnels en Europe ; en second lieu, mettre en avant une explication générale de la persistance des déficits (données DNCG et organismes similaires) de nombreux de ces clubs. Cet article se place délibérément, à la différence de nombreuses autres contributions, dans une perspective globale (macroéconomique). Il souligne : l'universalité et la singularité de la production des spectacles sportifs, les conditions spécifiques de leur monétisation ; présente, l'origine des déficits et les moyens aujourd'hui choisis par les clubs professionnels pour essayer d'y faire face et débouche finalement sur une proposition originale de régulation.