An Examination of Baker's Acid Haematein Test for Phospholipines

1947 ◽  
Vol s3-88 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-478
Author(s):  
A. J. CAIN
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Whole Class ◽  
Dark Blue ◽  
General Explanation

1. Baker's acid haematein test for phospholipines is specific provided that only a definite positively result is considered. Very pale blues and greys may be caused by other lipoids, which if present in very large masses may possibly show medium to dark blue granules but will not be coloured all through. 2. The mechanism of the test appears to be as follows: (a) Phospholipine is not fixed by formal-calcium but is restrained from passing into solution by the calcium ions, which play no other part. (b) Phospholipine combines readily with chromium from the mordanting fluid, and is then rendered insoluble and mordanted. Other substances, acidic and usually containing phosphorus, are mordanted as well. (c) On staining, blue and brown colorations are formed; in both cases the dye attaches itself to the chromium in the various substrates. (d) On differentiation, some browns and most blues, particularly those with phosphoric substrates, remain nearly fast, but most browns and the weak blues of certain lipoids (not phospholipines) are greatly reduced or removed entirely. The period of differentiation must not be shortened. (e) Blue-staining lipoids (phospholipines) are distinguished from other blue-staining substances by an extraction with the lipoid solvent pyridine, after special fixation. The other substances, and any bound lipoid not removable with pyridine, remain. 3. Since the specificity of the test depends on the relatively greater affinity of phospholipines among lipoids for the mordant, the period of chroming must not be lengthened. 4. One reason why some substances are coloured after pyridine extraction but not after acid haematein is that in the former case they are precipitated and so concentrated; in the latter they are not. This is not a general explanation for the whole class of such substances.

Windmill Hill, Avebury, and Grime's Graves Cores and Choppers

1919 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-108
Author(s):  
H. G. O. Kendall
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Light Blue ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The One ◽  
Dark Blue

Cores and chopping tools are very numerous at Windmill Hill, Avebury Down, Grime's Graves, and Cissbury. They are characteristic of the industry. In the main they differ markedly from the cores of the prism industries. True prisms are rare in the one and numerous in the other; the one shows comparatively broad, the other comparatively narrow facets and flakes; the flakes of the latter being on the whole thinner and finer. It is noteworthy that when the flints of both industries have lain near the surface, those of the one in Herts., Wilts., Sussex, Norfolk, and Suffolk are almost invariably white or light blue; whilst those of the other range from light blue, through dark blue, to unchanged black or grey; with a partial exception, easy of explanation, on the coast of Cornwall.The “lumps” may be divided into a number of species. Some were cores only, others were tools for chopping, cutting, scraping, pecking, boring, or clearing out split marrow bones; some were cores first and tools afterwards.

Nitrendipine blocks high potassium contractures but not twitches in rat skeletal muscle

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1210-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Frank ◽  
L. Konya ◽  
T. Subrahmanyam Sudha
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Calcium Uptake ◽  
Channel Blocker ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Extracellular Calcium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rat Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Potassium Depolarization ◽  
High Potassium

The effects of the organic calcium channel blocker nitrendipine was tested on electrically evoked twitches and on potassium depolarization-induced contractures of rat lumbricalis muscles. Nitrendipine (10−7 to 5 × 10−5 M) blocked only the potassium contractures. It was concluded that blocking calcium uptake through the slow voltage-senstitive calcium channels during potassium depolarization blocks the mechanical response of the muscle. Thus extracellular calcium ions are required for the excitation–contraction (E–C) coupling during depolarization contractures. On the other hand, electrically evoked twitches were not affected by nitrendipine; therefore, extracellular calcium ions entering via the slow voltage-sensitive channels are not required for E–C coupling during the twitch.

Thyroid Follicular Hyperplasia Associated With Massive Extracellular Mucin Deposition

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Nesa ◽  
Luca Poggi ◽  
Stefano Ferrero ◽  
Alessandro Del Gobbo
Keyword(s):  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Alcian Blue Staining ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Stromal Compartment ◽  
Follicular Hyperplasia ◽  
Nodular Hyperplasia ◽  
Thyroid Parenchyma

Extensive extracellular mucin deposition is a rare pathological thyroid condition with 6 cases described in literature so far. We report another case of a 67-year-old woman, discussing histopathological features, and review the literature. Our findings showed a diffuse mucin deposition in the stromal compartment of thyroid parenchyma. Histochemical stainings showed positivity for Alcian blue staining, but not for periodic acid–Shiff staining. Our case is peculiar because this mucin deposition was associated with benign nodular hyperplasia, in contrast with the other 6 reports, which described the same stromal alterations associated with benign or malignant thyroid tumors.

Method for the Quantification of Alginate in Microcapsules

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Hallé ◽  
Danielle Landry ◽  
Alain Fournier ◽  
Michèle Beaudry ◽  
Francois A. Leblond
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensitive Assay ◽  
Reliable Measurement ◽  
Alginate Concentration ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Alginate Content

Alginate is a key reagent in the preparation of microcapsules for cell transplantation. To address the question of the intracapsular alginate concentration, a sensitive assay has been developed to quantify the alginate content of microcapsules. The method is based on the metachromatic change induced by alginate binding to the dye, 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB). The assay has a high sensitivity and precision. It covers a wide concentration range enabling the measurement of alginate in dilute supernatants as well as in microcapsules. For the latter, the membrane is initially dissolved by incubating the microcapsules in an alkaline medium. The effect of potentially interfering substances (poly-l-lysine (PLL), citrate, chloride, sodium) and of pH has been studied. Poly-l-lysine interfered with the assay at pH 6.5 but not at pH 13. Interference by sodium augmented with increasing sodium concentration and reached a plateau at 200 mM. This problem was overcome by routinely adjusting all samples to 500 mM sodium. The other substances tested had a negligible effect on the assay. The reliable measurement of alginate with this new assay will allow the optimization of the intracapsular alginate concentration.

scholarly journals Protein supplements between consumer's opinion and quality control: an applied study in jordan

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1961-1969
Author(s):  
Talal Aburjai ◽  
Rudaina Othman Yousif ◽  
Mahmood Jasim AlSamydai ◽  
Ali Al-Samydai ◽  
Farah Al-Mamoori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Fast Method ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Applied Study ◽  
Other Substances

The consumption of dietary supplements has nowadays become popular, especially in Jordanian sports clubs and gyms. In fact, there is a widespread idea, among consumers, that these proteins contain hormones in order to increase their efficiency. The objective of this study is to develop a better understanding of customer opinion in an era that increased growth in Jordan and improves a chromatographic method to detect the testosterone in protein supplements. The method of this study, six popular types of proteins in the Jordan market have been chosen after conducting a primary study of the proteins' users by questionnaires to identify their opinions about these proteins. These proteins have been analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography by developing an easy and fast method to detect testosterone signal between 8-9 minutes of the chromatogram. The results of the study showed that 61% of the users believe that sport proteins contain hormones and other substances that are not mentioned in the list of ingredients. While 39% believe otherwise. On the other side, HPLC results of six proteins showed no signs for testosterone hormone. The main reason that drives them to take sport proteins is for building muscles in spite of they believe it could be harmful due to containing hormones and other substances. So in future investigations, it might be possible to use different brands and investigate them by using the same method.

scholarly journals Quantification of polysaccharides fixed to Gram stained slides using lactophenol cotton blue and digital image processing

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Ericksen
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Cotton Blue ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide ◽  
The Media ◽  
Light Staining ◽  
Dark Blue

Indigo rings and circles emerged when I added the non-specific polysaccharide stain lactophenol cotton blue to Gram stained slides. I attribute the dark blue staining to the presence of capsular polysaccharides and bacterial slime associated with clumps of Gram-negative bacteria.  Since all bacterial cells are glycosylated and concentrate polysaccharides from the media, the majority of cells stain light blue. The contrast between dark and light staining is sufficient to enable a digital image processing thresholding technique to be quantitative with little background noise. Prior to the addition of lactophenol cotton blue, the Gram-stained slides appeared unremarkable, lacking ubiquitous clumps or stained polysaccharides.  Adding lactophenol cotton blue to Gram stained slides is a quick and inexpensive way to screen cell cultures for bacterial slime, clumps and biofilms that are invisible using the Gram stain alone.

scholarly journals Endometrial evaluation with methylene blue staining in patients with normal hysteroscopy

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 2715
Author(s):  
Alka Goel ◽  
Pooja Gupta ◽  
Akansha Singh ◽  
Khushboo Singh
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Normal Endometrium ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dark Blue

Background: Normally, endometrium comprises of non-absorptive epithelium and does not take up stain. Conventional staining with methylene blue is explained on the basis of existence of apoptotic cells in endometrium.Methods: Of 50 patients of unexplained infertility, AUB, recurrent pregnancy loss were randomly selected and included in the study. Those with abnormal ultrasound and history of tuberculosis were excluded. Conventional hysteroscopy was performed using normal saline as distending medium and in those with grossly normal endometrium were subjected to staining with 5% methylene blue instilled trans cervically. After 5 min, irrespective of the size and pattern, focal dark blue stained areas were considered abnormal and randomly biopsied. Incidence of endometritis in both groups was compared after histopathological examination.Results: Of total 50 patients, histopathological report of only one patient with dark blue staining had evidence of endometritis. Rest had no evidence, of which 73.5% had light blue or unstained areas and 26.5% showed dark blue staining. No statistically significant difference was found between histopathological reports and light or dark blue staining (p=0.28). When percentage stained area was considered more than 50% only to be positive, sensitivity was 100%, specificity 94%, PPV 25% and NPV 100%. False positives were 75% and no false negatives were observed. Although p values improved but still statistically insignificant.Conclusions: Present study failed to establish any significant correlation between staining pattern and detection rate of endometritis. With no Indian studies published on chromohysteroscopy so far, role of methylene blue in detection of subtle endometrial changes in modern gynaecology in Indian subpopulation is yet to be established.

scholarly journals Activity of Phosvitin in Hydroxyapatite Acid-Damage Immersion and Antimicrobial Assays

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Richard D. Shipman ◽  
Sean D. Doering ◽  
Jack R. Hemsath ◽  
Eun Joo Lee ◽  
Jennifer E. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Metal Binding ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Antibiotic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tooth Decay ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Metal Binding Protein ◽  
Culture Growth

Phosvitin, the most highly phosphorylated metal-binding protein found in nature, binds more than 100 calcium ions, and has been identified as an agent that could be used to generate biomineralization scaffolds. Because of published reports describing phosvitin’s affinity for calcium and potential antibiotic activity, this study was undertaken in order to evaluate phosvitin for both antibiotic activity against common microorganisms and the ability to protect hydroxyapatite surfaces from acid damage. To more clearly define its antibiotic action, the effects of phosvitin on Micrococcus luteus, P. mirabilis, B. cereus, E. coli, and S. epidermidis were evaluated. In both Kirby–Bauer tests and liquid culture growth inhibition assays, phosvitin inhibited M. luteus, a microorganism that thrives in the human mouth, but not the other bacteria tested. The MIC of phosvitin was determined to be 31.3 μg/mL when delivered in 1 mM CaCl2 but was 0.5 mg/mL in the absence of added calcium. Expanding on the potential impacts of phosvitin on the mouth, its action was evaluated in a model of tooth decay represented by acid-damaged hydroxyapatite discs. SEM, AFM, and FAAS analyses revealed that pretreatment of discs with phosvitin modulated the damage-induced morphology and topography changes associated with acid-damaged discs.

Grouting Technique Applications during Housing Construction

2015 ◽  
Vol 724 ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
Qin Zhang ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
You Mo
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
Specific Pressure ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Construction Period ◽  
Small Opening ◽  
Loose Soil ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Inherent Nature

The housing construction grouting technique is to select a specific pressure feed approach to pour the slurry in gel into the loose soil or the rock cracks with water. The slurry, through condensation and the particles consolidation in this category, will be filled into the rock cracks in the section so as to improve the inherent nature of the soil and the mechanical properties of the other substances. During the construction period, the slurry can be fed into the injected holes within this segment through the unique role of the pressure. The small opening surrounding the grouting holes, the preset requirements will be met. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the specific applications of grouting techniques.

II. Mitt.: Auflösung der Chromoproteidfraktion aus Rattenleber-Ribosomen mit Hilfe der Polyacrylamidgel-Elektrophorese

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfram Domschke ◽  
Jürgen G. Meyer-Bertenrath
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Ribosomal Subunits ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
The One ◽  
Liver Ribosomes

After preparation of a coloured protein component containing iron from rat liver ribosomes 1 this fraction was submitted to detailed analysis by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus it may be separated into one main and two secondary bands, which do not contain RNA detectable by methylene blue staining. The ferric content of all bands can be demonstrated by staining with 2,4-dinitroso-1,3-naphthalenediol 2. These bands are to be found in the large ribosomal subunits as well as in the small one in qualitative conformity, they differ, however, in their quantitative relations to each other depending on origin. LiCl-extraction as described for the preparation of ribosomal proteins causes dissociation of the chromoproteid fraction into six bands possessing lower molecular weights each than the original bands.The chromoproteids, localized in the large ribosomal subunits on the one hand and in the small subunits on the other hand were prepared differentiatedly by gel filtration. Results show the chromoproteid represented in the 57-S-subunit on a bigger scale than the nucleoproteid part, on the contrary, the 29-S-subunit is constructed of RNA-containing material preferably.

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