White pine blister rust: hypersensitive resistance in sugar pine

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1148-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch Jr. ◽  
Julia L. Littlefield
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Hypersensitive Resistance ◽  
Pale Yellow ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Sib Families

Resistance to white pine blister rust in sugar pine is simply inherited and can be identified by distinct needle spot morphs. After artificial inoculation at 2 years of age, seedlings from selfed and full-sib families developed either 'fleck' spots, characterized by a pale, yellow margin with a necrotic fleck in the center, or they developed typical yellow or red spots (or both). Seedlings segregated for needle spot reaction in monohybrid ratios with fleck dominant. Mycelium in secondary needle tissues of fleck spots, in contrast to yellow and red spots, was relatively sparse and confined by dense tannin deposits. Bark infection and mortality was heavy on seedlings with yellow and red spots. On seedlings with fleck spots, no bark symptoms developed from secondary needle infection but small, abortive cankers did develop on some of these seedlings as a result of primary needle infection. These atypical cankers did not sporulate or spread extensively, and had healed by the 2nd year after inoculation. The gene responsible for the fleck reaction thus elicits a hypersensitive response in secondary needles and, apparently, in bark tissues as well.

scholarly journals Genetic Specificity in the White Pine-Blister Rust Pathosystem

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch ◽  
Gayle E. Dupper
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mendelian Segregation ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Bristlecone Pine

Four of eight white pine species native to western North America surveyed for resistance to white pine blister rust by artificial inoculation showed classical hypersensitive reactions (HR) at frequencies ranging from very low to moderate. Mendelian segregation, indicating a single dominant allele for resistance (Cr3), was observed in southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis), as it was previously in sugar pine (P. lambertiana, Cr1) and western white pine (P. monticola, Cr2). HR was present at a relatively high frequency (19%) in one of five bulk seed lot sources of limber pine (P. flexilis), and was also presumed to be conditioned by a single gene locus, by analogy with the other three species. HR was not found in whitebark pine (P. albcaulis), Mexican white pine (P. ayacahuite), foxtail pine (P. balfouriana), or Great Basin bristlecone pine (P. longaeva), but population and sample sizes in these species may have been below the level of detection of alleles in low frequency. When challenged by (haploid) inocula from specific locations known to harbor virulence to Cr1 or Cr2, genotypes carrying these alleles and Cr3 reacted differentially, such that inoculum virulent to Cr1 was avirulent to Cr2, and inoculum virulent to Cr2 was avirulent to Cr1. Neither of these two inocula was capable of neutralizing Cr3. Although blister rust traditionally is considered an exotic disease in North America, these results, typical of classic gene-for-gene interactions, suggest that genetic memory of similar encounters in past epochs has been retained in this pathosystem.

White Pine Blister Rust: Simply Inherited Resistance in Sugar Pine

Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 167 (3915) ◽  
pp. 193-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Kinloch ◽  
G. K. Parks ◽  
C. W. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Sugar Pine

Genetics of Cronartium ribicola. I. Axenic culture of haploid clones

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch Jr. ◽  
Gayle E. Dupper
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Pure Lines

Genetically pure lines of the mononucleate (haploid) stage of Cronartium ribicola can be grown by isolating mycelium from single spots on infected white pine needles or by culturing single basidiospores on defined media preconditioned by cell-free diffusates of massed germinating basidiospores. Although growth is initially slow, cultures can be increased rapidly by alternately subculturing from solid to liquid media and back again indefinitely. The ability to culture pure haploid clones has important implications for studying the genetic structure and sexual behavior of rust populations and the nature of virulence. Keywords: white pine blister rust, sugar pine, virulence.

scholarly journals Evidence of Cytoplasmic Inheritance of Virulence in Cronartium ribicola to Major Gene Resistance in Sugar Pine

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch ◽  
Gayle E. Dupper
Keyword(s):  
Infection Type ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mendelian Segregation ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Major Gene Resistance ◽  
Sugar Pine

Tests for Mendelian segregation of virulence and avirulence in Cronartium ribicola, causal agent of white pine blister rust, to a major gene (R) for resistance in sugar pine were made using haploid basidiospore progenies from single diploid telia as inoculum on resistant genotypes. The telia were sampled from a small deme in the Siskyou Mountains of northern California, where a few mature sugar pines known to be Rr genotypes had become infected after withstanding the chronic blister rust epidemic for several decades and where intermediate frequencies of virulence in the ambient basidiospore population were subsequently measured. Infection type on inoculated seedlings with R was qualitative: all progenies of 81 single telia tested over 3 different years were either virulent (compatible) or avirulent (inducing hypersensitive necrosis), never a mixture of both reactions. The complete absence of heterozygotes in the telia population is strong evidence that virulence is not controlled by a nuclear gene. The data are consistent with earlier tests showing that basidiospore inoculum derived from aeciospores isolated from infected Rr trees produced mostly (>90%) virulent reactions on R— seedlings. The evidence indicates that transmission of virulence is uniparental via the cytoplasm of aeciospores. Exchange of spermatia between haploid thalli does not appear to be involved.

Saturation mapping of a major gene for resistance to white pine blister rust in sugar pine

1998 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 1355-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Harkins ◽  
◽  
P. A. Skaggs ◽  
A. D. Mix ◽  
G. E. Dupper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Gene ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Saturation Mapping

Finding loci associated to partial resistance to white pine blister rust in sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.).

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Vázquez-Lobo ◽  
Amanda R. De La Torre ◽  
Pedro J. Martínez-García ◽  
Carl Vangestel ◽  
Jill L. Wegzryn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Resistance ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pinus Lambertiana ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Sugar Pine

Distribution and frequency of a gene for resistance to white pine blister rust in natural populations of sugar pine

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1319-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Sugar Pine

The gametic frequency of a dominant allele (R) for resistance to white pine blister rust, a disease caused by an introduced pathogen (Cronartium ribicola), in natural populations of sugar pine was estimated by the kind of leaf symptom expressed after artificial inoculation of wind-pollinated seedlings from susceptible seed–parent genotypes (rr). Gene frequency increased clinally from near 0 in the southern Cascade Range to 0.08 in the southern Sierra Nevada, but it was not correlated with any major climatic gradient. Because R expresses a typical hypersensitivity response to pathogenesis, it has probably always functioned in disease resistance. A candidate pathogen for this function is C. occidentale, cause of pinyon blister rust, and a close relative of C. ribicola. Increase in allele frequency was positively associated with the proximity of sugar pine to single-leaf pinyon pine populations. Although sugar pine is not presently a natural host of pinyon rust, R may be a relict gene that protected sugar pine from this endemic pathogen in recent geologic epochs, when both pines are known to have been more intimately associated. Key words: Cronartium ribicola, genetic resistance, Pinus lambertiana, population genetics.

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