Variation in quantitative properties of song among European populations of reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) with respect to bill morphology

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Matessi ◽  
Andrea Pilastro ◽  
Guglielmo Marin

We analysed the geographical variation in quantitative song properties among reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus ssp.) populations belonging to two subspecies groups with different bill morphologies: large and curved bill (namely E. s. intermedia and E. s. witherbyi, in southern Europe) and thin and conical bill (E. s. schoeniclus, in northern Europe). We collected song recordings from 11 European populations of the two subspecies groups and measured song properties of 116 males. We found significant differences among populations despite a high degree of individual variation. Populations with similar morphology were more homogeneous in song characters, despite geographical distances between them. The two subspecies groups differed mainly in the number of different syllable types used in a song, with the songs of the southern group having higher syllabic complexity. Cluster analysis and matrix correlation tests showed an association between song variation and morphological variation. The populations morphologically belonging to E. s. schoeniclus along the contact zone of the breeding distributions had song characters similar to southern populations and possibly represent a "hybrid" zone, which is not evidenced by morphological or recent genetic analyses. This may be due to song being learned socially, populations mixing in winter and, along the contact zone, populations of different subspecies groups often breeding a few kilometres apart. The generally high degree of variation in song among populations can be a consequence of the relative isolation of the breeding populations, which are restricted to uncommon and fragmented habitats, along with the rapid cultural evolution of song in this species.

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. e63248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Júlio M. Neto ◽  
Luís Gordinho ◽  
Eduardo J. Belda ◽  
Marcial Marín ◽  
Juan S. Monrós ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Rudzinskyi ◽  
◽  
Bohdan Yemets ◽  
Serhii Melnychuk ◽  
Oleksandr Ryabchuk ◽  
...  

The article deals with some criteria that substantiate the design and operational performance of automobiles running on alternative fuels; economic efficiency of operation of such vehicles, their ecological conformity; the level of complexity of the design of converted automobiles; labor intensity of their maintenance, repair, etc. ; traction-speed and other different, in comparison with the basic, properties of automobiles while working on alternative fuel (AF); energy consumption and (or) cost price of AF; efficiency of power plant and (or) car on AF; the degree of commissioning (mass production) and further prospects for the development of the design of such automobiles; state of support developed structures at the national (local) level. An expert assessment of the adopted criteria in the order of their importance is made. Along with the analysis of scores, which are presented in points, it is used the ranking method to study the results of the survey of experts. This allows applying the values of the established optimal criteria to justify the operation of vehicles during their work on the AF. The analysis of the matrix correlation shows that the numerical estimates set by the accepted criteria are characterized by a high degree of correlation, and experts are generally unanimous in assessing their importance. The most important criteria for the operation of automobiles on the AF are economic efficiency, traction and speed and other, different compared to the basic, the properties of automobiles while working on the AF. Other criteria are also quite important, the weights for them are much higher than 7%, and they also should be taken into account while conducting an in-depth analysis and synthesis of indicators of optimal operation of automobiles on the AF. In addition, it is important that the group of criteria that characterize only one type of automobile when working on the AF (for example, the degree of commissioning) experts gave only about 17% of the importance.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Copete ◽  
David Christie

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Grech

Haptoglobin (Hp) phenotyping was carried out on 535 healthy blood donors, 467 patients hospitalized in Malta and on 53 hospital patients from Gozo. The frequencies in the three groups were compared. No statistical differences were observed between these three groups. Only 7·5 per cent of cord blood samples could be phenotyped. Hp phenotyping can be carried out with a high degree of confidence after the early post-natal period and independently of the physical state of the subject. The frequency of the Hp phenotypes in the Maltese population fits well within the range of other European populations.


2005 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oddmund Kleven ◽  
Gunnhild Marthinsen ◽  
Jan T. Lifjeld

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Matessi ◽  
Torben Dabelsteen ◽  
Andrea Pilastro

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