Two Types of Four-Compartment Tefillin Cases from the Judean Desert Caves

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Yonatan Adler
Keyword(s):  
Single Line ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Single Compartment ◽  
Diachronic Development

Abstract Approximately thirty tefillin cases were discovered in the Judean Desert. The publishers of these finds distinguished between single-compartment cases, which they identified as “arm-tefillin,” and four-compartment cases, which they identified as “head-tefillin.” Here I present a further typological distinction between two subtypes among the four-compartment tefillin cases: (1) the “simple-type,” in which a single line of stitching separates the compartments from one another, and (2) the “split-type,” in which the compartments are separated by incisions in the leather and each compartment is stitched closed individually. It seems likely that some kind of ritual issue is at stake, and an allusion to these two types as competing halakhic practices may be found in the tannaitic literature—with the rabbis ultimately rejecting the “split-type.” The Judean Desert finds may represent a synchronic debate between competing groups, a diachronic development, or perhaps practices followed contemporaneously by members of one and the same group.

Tandem scanning reflected light microscopy: How it works and applications

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 84-87
Author(s):  
Alan Boyde ◽  
Milan Hadravský ◽  
Mojmír Petran ◽  
Timothy F. Watson ◽  
Sheila J. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Focal Plane ◽  
Central Symmetry ◽  
Single Line ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Illuminating Light ◽  
Illuminating Beam

The principles of tandem scanning reflected light microscopy and the design of recent instruments are fully described elsewhere and here only briefly. The illuminating light is intercepted by a rotating aperture disc which lies in the intermediate focal plane of a standard LM objective. This device provides an array of separate scanning beams which light up corresponding patches in the plane of focus more intensely than out of focus layers. Reflected light from these patches is imaged on to a matching array of apertures on the opposite side of the same aperture disc and which are scanning in the focal plane of the eyepiece. An arrangement of mirrors converts the central symmetry of the disc into congruency, so that the array of apertures which chop the illuminating beam is identical with the array on the observation side. Thus both illumination and “detection” are scanned in tandem, giving rise to the name Tandem Scanning Microscope (TSM). The apertures are arranged on Archimedean spirals: each opposed pair scans a single line in the image.

Morphological features of endo- and myometrium in patients with uterine leiomyoma and infertility

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
M.A. Flaksenberg ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Uterine Leiomyoma ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Blastocyst Implantation

The objective: determination of morphofunctional features of leiomatous nodes and endometrium in women with uterine leiomyoma and infertility to restore reproductive function and prevent recurrence of the underlying disease. Materials and methods. In order to restore reproductive function and prevent recurrence of the underlying disease, morphofunctional features of leiomatous nodes and endometrium in women with uterine leiomyoma and infertility were determined. Thirty samples of leiomyomatous nodes and endometrium were examined, among which 15 were obtained from women with multiple uterine leiomyoma and infertility and 15 samples from women with uterine leiomyoma with isolated uterine leiomyoma. During the study, a general-histological method was used for staining with hematoxylin-eosin and picrofuxin by van Gizon, as well as immunohistochemical methods. Histological examination of the endometrium was performed according to conventional protocol, taking into account the day of the menstrual cycle and R.W. Noyes criteria. Results. In the morphological examination of leiomyomatous nodes in the vast majority of cases the presence of uterine leiomyomas of simple and cell types or their combination was established. In women with multiple uterine leiomyoma, simple-type leiomyoma (53.3%) was predominant, and in patients with isolated leiomyoma the signs of cellular uterine leiomyoma (66.7%) were more frequently found. In 80.0% of women with uterine leiomyoma revealed pathology of the endometrium, such as glandular and glandular-fibrous polyps, simple and complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia, which confirms the theory about the only pathogenetic mechanisms of the emergence of hyperplastic processes of female organs. In 66.7% of women with multiple leiomyomas, signs of chronic endometritis have been found, which exacerbates the pathological process and can have a negative impact on the reproductive function, such as secretory endometrial transformation and impaired blastocyst implantation, and explains a much higher percentage of infertility in the group. Conclusion. In women with impaired reproductive function, patients with uterine leiomyoma, it is necessary to conduct a study of the receptivity of the reproductive organs, namely - the endometrium and leiomatous nodes. This will make it possible to use one or another method of treatment in order to restore reproductive function and prevent recurrence of the underlying disease. Keywords: infertility, uterine leiomyoma, endometrium, receptive apparatus.

Reconstruction of the Ancient Numeral System in Basque Language

Philology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2018) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
FERNANDO GOMEZ-ACEDO ◽  
ENEKO GOMEZ-ACEDO
Keyword(s):  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Counting System ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Diachronic Development ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract In this work a new insight into the reconstruction of the original forms of the first Basque cardinal numbers is presented and the identified original meaning of the names given to the numbers is shown. The method used is the internal reconstruction, using for the etymologies words that existed and still exist in Basque and other words reconstructed from the proto-Basque. As a result of this work it has been discovered that initially the numbers received their name according to a specific and logic procedure. According to this ancient method of designation, each cardinal number received its name based on the hand sign used to represent it, thus describing the position adopted by the fingers of the hand to represent each number. Finally, the different stages of numerical formation are shown, which demonstrate a long and diachronic development of the whole counting system.

Stationary fluid convection modes with a Gaussian viscosity dependence of temterature

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-225
Author(s):  
V.S. Kuleshov
Keyword(s):  
Computer Code ◽  
Boussinesq Approximation ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Convective Flows ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Fluid Convection ◽  
Flat Cell ◽  
Volume Method ◽  
Viscosity Dependence

The results of a numerical modeling of thermo-gravitational convection of abnormally thermo-viscous fluid in a closed square cavity with two vertical adiabatic walls and two horizontal isothermal walls are presented. A model Newtonian liquid for which the dependence of viscosity on temperature is described by a bell function (Gaussian curve) is considered. The natural convection of inhomogeneous liquid is described by the closed mathematical model based on the continuous mechanics equations written in Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation, where the fluid density is a linear function of temperature. To simulate the fluid flow dynamics, the modified computer code based on the implicit finite volume method and SIMPLE-type algorithm with the second-order temporal accuracy is realized using multiprocessor technology. The effect of the viscosity abnormality on stationary modes of convective flows are studied, the integral heat transfer coefficients in a flat cell are calculated.

Negation and Nonveridicality in the History of Greek

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Chatzopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Polarity Item ◽  
Syntactic Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Diachronic Development

This study is an investigation of the expression of negation in the history of Greek, through quantitative data from representative texts from three major stages of vernacular Greek (Attic Greek, Koine, Late Medieval Greek), and qualitative data from Homeric Greek until Standard Modern. The contrast between two complementary negators, NEG1 and NEG2, is explained in terms of sensitivity of NEG2 μη‎ to nonveridicality: NEG2 is a polarity item in all stages of the Greek language, an item licensed by nonveridicality. The asymmetry in the diachronic development of the Greek negator system (the replacement of NEG1 and the preservation of NEG2) is explained with reference to the particulars of the uses of NEG2, specifically the inertial forces drawn by the nonnegative uses of NEG2, which being nonnegative did not experience the renewal pressures predicted by the Jespersen’s Cycle. These are its complementizer uses: (i) as a question particle, and (ii) in introducing verbs of fear complements. A viewpoint for Jespersen’s Cycle is proposed that abstracts away from the morphosyntactic and phonological particulars of the phenomenon and explicitly places its regularities in the semantics, accommodating not only for Greek, but for numerous other languages that deviate in different ways from the traditional description of Jespersen’s Cycle. The developments observed in the history of the Greek negator system agree with current generative theories of syntactic change, regarding the notions of up-the-tree movement.

More Tears in Achilles Tatius (7.4.3–6)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Single Line ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Vital Part ◽  
Achilles Tatius

A further passage shows the imagination and craft of Achilles Tatius taken to a still greater degree, as he depicts the hero Cleitophon at the terrible crisis of believing his beloved to be dead. The narrative is suspended as the writer develops, at remarkable length, a psychological and physiological observation on delayed effects. Where Heliodorus had heaped up imagery with abundance, Achilles develops with skilled organization a single line of thought and imagery, developing it and enriching it as he goes. Rhythm plays a vital part in this remarkable union of tight order and inventive imagination. The expansion and the deployment of science have a Plutarchan element; but the fantasy and the tautness create something quite different out of rhythm.

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