Conceptual Constructions: Common Heritage of Mankind and Common Concern of Mankind

2013 ◽  
pp. 327-352
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-663
Author(s):  
Karin Mickelson

Abstract This contribution to the symposium on the economic exploitation of the commons focuses on the question of whether and to what extent the principle of the common heritage of mankind (CHM) imposes environmental limits on economic exploitation of the global commons. Focusing on the need to go beyond a unidimensional assessment of the principle, it considers how CHM was originally envisaged, the form it took in the deep seabed regime, in particular, how its role in that regime has developed over time and how it has been utilized as a basis for advocacy. It concludes with an assessment of CHM’s limitations and strategic advantages.


Author(s):  
Michael Sheng-ti Gau ◽  
Si-han Zhao

Abstract In 2014 Japan’s Cabinet Order No. 302 declared the outer limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (OL) to the west and north of Oki-no-Tori Shima (Area 302). Oki-no-Tori Shima consists of two small, barren, and uninhabitable rocks in the West Pacific. The northern part of Area 302 is broader than what the 2012 recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) specify. A question arises whether Order No. 302 violates Article 76(8) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which provides that the OL established by a coastal state ‘on the basis of’ the CLCS recommendations shall be final and binding. Another question is the role played by the CLCS in ‘assisting’ the coastal states to delimit their national jurisdiction so as to know where the Area (i.e., the Common Heritage of Mankind under UNCLOS Articles 1(1)(1) and 136) begins. The essential questions arising from Area 302 concern how well the UNCLOS mechanism can perform to safeguard the Common Heritage of Mankind through preventing encroachment thereupon by individual coastal states. This article looks at the context and explores the obligations implied by Article 76(8) for coastal states to ‘follow’ the recommendations in establishing the OL, with special reference to the northern part of Area 302. The article also examines legal consequences arising from a breach of these obligations.


Author(s):  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
◽  
M. Putra Iqbal ◽  
Lena Farsia ◽  
Lily Husni Putri ◽  
...  

Hukum Internasional, khususnya Hukum Humaniter Internasional (HHI) yang dikenal sebagai “Hukum Perang”, telah melahirkan ketentuan-ketentuan hukum yang mengatur tata cara dalam berperang antara lain melalui pembatasan-pembatasan, sarana-sarana dan metode-metode peperangan sebagai upaya perlindungan situs budaya dan benda-benda budaya. Sebagai bagian dari “Common Heritage of Mankind”, berbagai kampanye internasional terhadap perlindungan situs budaya dan benda budaya dalam suatu konflik bersenjata dilakukan dengan berbagai cara termasuk melibatkan pihak-pihak tertentu dalam penanganannya. Masyarakat internasional dengan berbagai lembaga yang terlibat juga turut andil memberikan perhatian khusus pada keselamatan situs budaya dan benda-benda budaya akibat konflik bersenjata yang ada di berbagai wilayah. Buku dengan keilmuan mendalam Hukum Humaniter Internasional ini disajikan dalam bahasa sederhana dan mudah dipahami, terkait perlindungan situs budaya dan benda-benda budaya sebagai dampak dari peperangan. Buku ini memberikan wawasan mengenai konvensi HHI dalam perlindungan situs budaya, Legalitas pembenaran situs budaya dan benda budaya sebagai objek sasaran militer menurut Ketentuan HHI, dan persoalan yang muncul akibat adanya perlindungan situs budaya dan benda budaya dalam suatu konflik bersenjata.


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