Visual Suppression of Vestibular Nystagmus after Cerebellar Lesions

Visual suppression of calorically induced vestibular nystagmus was observed following discrete lesions of various structures in the cerebellum. Unilateral lesions of the flocculus resulted in a complete loss or a significant reduction in visual suppression when the quick phase of the nystagmus was directed to the ipsilateral side of the lesions, and bilateral flocculus lesions caused a bilateral loss of suppression. Nodulus lesions resulted in a loss of suppression, and this loss tended to recover in time. Lesions of the dentate nucleus resulted in a very short term loss of suppression. Extirpation or lesions of the uvula, vermis, para-flocculus, cerebellar cortex, or the fastigial or interpositus nuclei had no observed effect on the visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus. The results of this study suggest that the flocculus and nodulus function as intermediators through which the visual system can modify or alter vestibular reflexes. Also, this phenomenon, that is, loss of visual suppression after the flocculus and nodulus lesion, is very useful to diagnose the localized lesion in the cerebellum.

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Caloric and Optokinetic Nystagmus in Cerebellar Patients

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/000348947608500124 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 136-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Malcolm H. Stroud ◽

Erol Rauchbach

Keyword(s):

Opposite Direction ◽

Optokinetic Nystagmus ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Fast Component ◽

Vestibular Nystagmus ◽

Ipsilateral Side ◽

Far Lateral ◽

Cerebellar Lesions ◽

Straight Ahead

In certain cerebellar lesions, optokinetic tracking is deficient, especially on tracking or following to the ipsilateral side. However, in many cases optokinetic nystagmus can occur, and apparently in better degree than would be expected from a study of pendulum tracking. This may be due to the patient leading into the stimulus and picking it up as soon as it is presented in far lateral gaze (in the direction of the fast component) and allowing the drift caused by the tone deficit to assist the tracking. An added vestibular tone can eliminate such a pseudo reflex. Induced vestibular nystagmus is enhanced and assumes a more dominant role so that optokinetic nystagmus is overcome, not only on gaze to the side of the tracking, but also on straight ahead gaze and even on some deviation of the eyes in the opposite direction.

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Activation of the cerebellar cortex and the dentate nucleus in a prism adaptation fMRI study

Human Brain Mapping ◽

10.1002/hbm.22274 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 1574-1586 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Michael Küper ◽

Meret J.S. Wünnemann ◽

Markus Thürling ◽

Roxana M. Stefanescu ◽

Stefan Maderwald ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebellar Cortex ◽

Dentate Nucleus ◽

Prism Adaptation ◽

Fmri Study

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The Fifth Month

9 Months In, 9 Months Out ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190863388.003.0006 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 65-78

Author(s):

Vanessa LoBue

Keyword(s):

Visual System ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Controversial Issues ◽

Infant Sleep ◽

Potential Importance ◽

Rapid Eye Movement ◽

Short Term

This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the fifth month of pregnancy. After discovering that her fetus was inconveniently sleeping through an important ultrasound, the author discusses the science of infant sleep, why fetuses and newborns sleep so much, and the potential importance of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep for a fetus’s developing visual system. She then discusses at length various sleep-related issues relevant to infancy, including the controversial issues of co-sleeping (whether parents should do it and why), and an in-depth description of the research on sleep training and its potential short term and long terms effects on infants.

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The Site of Binocular Rivalry Suppression

Perception ◽

10.1068/p080143 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 143-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Randolph Blake ◽

Randall Overton

Keyword(s):

Visual System ◽

Binocular Rivalry ◽

Human Visual System ◽

Striate Cortex ◽

High Contrast ◽

Threshold Elevation ◽

Short Term ◽

Contrast Adaptation ◽

A Site ◽

Lines Of Evidence

Two experiments were performed to localize the site of binocular rivalry suppression in relation to the locus of grating adaptation. In one experiment it was found that phenomenal suppression of a high-contrast adaptation grating presented to one eye had no influence on the strength of the threshold-elevation aftereffect measured interocularly. Evidently information about the adaptation grating arrives at the site of the aftereffect (presumably binocular neurons) even during suppression. In a second experiment 60 s of grating adaptation was found to produce a short-term reduction in the predominance of the adapted eye during binocular rivalry. These findings provide converging lines of evidence that suppression occurs at a site in the human visual system after the locus of grating adaptation and, hence, after the striate cortex.

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Expression of neuronal and glial polypeptides during histogenesis of the human cerebellar cortex including observations on the dentate nucleus

The Journal of Comparative Neurology ◽

10.1002/cne.903340303 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 334 (3) ◽

pp. 356-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Anthony T. Yachnis ◽

Lucy B. Rorke ◽

Virginia M.-Y. Lee ◽

John Q. Trojanowski

Keyword(s):

Cerebellar Cortex ◽

Dentate Nucleus ◽

Human Cerebellar Cortex

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3.7. Are signs of ocular tilt reaction in cerebellar lesions mediated by the dentate nucleus?

Clinical Neurophysiology ◽

10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.024 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 118 (12) ◽

pp. 2814

Author(s):

B. Baier ◽

S. Bense ◽

M. Dieterich

Keyword(s):

Dentate Nucleus ◽

Ocular Tilt Reaction ◽

Cerebellar Lesions

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Reduced Timing Variability in Patients with Unilateral Cerebellar Lesions during Bimanual Movements

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn.1996.8.2.107 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 107-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

E. A. Franz ◽

R. B. Ivry ◽

L. L. Helmuth

Keyword(s):

Process Model ◽

Ipsilateral Side ◽

Bimanual Movements ◽

Timing Variability ◽

Temporal Aspects ◽

Coupling Constraints ◽

Temporal Coupling ◽

Cerebellar Lesions ◽

Bimanual Tapping

Timing variability on a repetitive tapping task was studied in subjects with unilateral cerebellar lesions. During unimanual tapping, within-hand variability was larger when tapping with the ipsilesional hand in comparison to tapping with the contralesional hand. However, variability in the impaired hand was greatly reduced when subjects tapped with two hands together. The improvement in within-hand variability during bimanual tapping was associated with a reduction in central variability rather than response implementation variability according to the two-process model of Wing and Kristofferson (1973). It is proposed that (1) each half of the cerebellum independently regulates the temporal aspects of movements on the ipsilateral side and (2) temporal coupling constraints require these separate signals to be integrated prior to response implementation for bimanual movements.

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Cerebellar Involvement in Anticipating the Consequences of Self-Produced Actions During Bimanual Movements

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00662.2004 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 801-812 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Jörn Diedrichsen ◽

Timothy Verstynen ◽

Steven L. Lehman ◽

Richard B. Ivry

Keyword(s):

Short Term ◽

Bimanual Movements ◽

Cerebellar Damage ◽

Bimanual Actions ◽

Learned Behaviors ◽

Short Term Adaptation ◽

Cerebellar Lesions ◽

Cerebellar Involvement ◽

Healthy Participants ◽

Bimanual Unloading

Anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) during bimanual actions can be observed when participants hold an object in one hand and then lift it with the other hand. The postural force used to hold the object is reduced in anticipation of unloading, indicating an accurate prediction of the change in load. We examined patients with unilateral or bilateral cerebellar damage as well as two individuals lacking the corpus callosum on the bimanual unloading task. The acallosal patients showed an intact APA, suggesting subcortical integration of motor signals for anticipatory adjustments during bimanual actions. Contrary to the hypothesis that the cerebellum is critical for predicting and compensating for the consequences of our actions, we found that the well-learned APA in this task was largely intact in cerebellar patients. However, cerebellar damage abolished short-term adaptation of the APA, and the patients were unable to acquire an APA in a similar but previously untrained situation. These results indicate that while over-learned anticipatory adjustments are preserved after cerebellar lesions, adaptation of this response and the acquisition of a novel coordination requires the cerebellum ipsilateral to the postural hand. Furthermore, this structure appears to be essential for the accurate timing of previously learned behaviors. The patients with cerebellar damage showed poorly timed adjustments with the APA beginning earlier than in healthy participants.

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