A Note on a Two-stage Least Squares Estimator for Higher-order Factor Analyses

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH A. BOLLEN ◽  
JEREMY C. BIESANZ
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Least Squares Estimator ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Two Stage Least Squares

scholarly journals Democracy, Capitalism, and Income Inequality: Seeking Causal Directions

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Burkhart
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Parabolic Relationship ◽  
Two Stage Least Squares ◽  
Fraser Institute

AbstractRecent research shows that lower levels of income inequality cause higher levels of democracy, and vice versa in a simultaneous relationship. A critical factor missing from these studies is a direct exogenous measure of capitalism in models explaining variation in income inequality and democracy. This study examines 50 countries over the years 1978–1993 and finds in a pooled two stage least squares modeling exercise that the Fraser Institute measure of capitalism appears to have a weakly positive linear impact on POLITY IV measures of democracy and a weakly positive linear impact on income inequality (more capitalism, more inequality). There appears to be no higher-order relationship between capitalism and democracy or income inequality, though there is a weak parabolic relationship between democracy and income inequality.

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