The mediating effect of sustainability strategy between sustainability committees and business performance: can persistent assessment condition this effect?

Purpose This study aims to analyse the role of persistence in the assessments carried out by sustainability agencies in the interaction between sustainability committee characteristics, sustainability strategies and performance. Design/methodology/approach The authors accessed a sample of European sustainable multinational and transnational companies (EMNs) for the period 2008–2017 from RobecoSAM universe. Using a set of simultaneous equation models, the authors test the effect of the sustainability committee on sustainability performance considering the sustainability strategy as a mediating element. Moreover, the authors analysed if the persistent assessment of sustainability agencies conditions the previous interaction. Findings Persistence of the sustainability assessment performed by an external agency is necessary to support the sustainability strategy and the sustainability committee, legitimating an organization in its institutional context. Practical implications This study provides practitioners with relevant insights into the identification of the sustainability strategy followed by an EMN and the effects associated with it can be useful for social and economic agents in decision-making processes. Social implications A persistent assessment could be a signal over time of the evolution of organizations, reinforcing the monitoring mechanisms. It is a stimulus to EMNs as they obtain both an indicator of their levels of performance and public recognition. Originality/value The lack of similarity in the levels of sustainable performance observed among companies can be explained by the persistence, which is an omitted variable in previous studies.

The Impact of Rice Import Policy on Community Economic Welfare in East Java

This study aims to identify policies, levels of imports, production and consumption in East Java, to analyze the impact of rice import tariff policies on production and consumption and also the community welfare changes in East Java. The data that used in this study are secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), BULOG, and other research. The method of analysis uses the 2SLS simultaneous equation and the economic surplus simulation. The results showed that from 2004 to 2018, East Java always had a higher rice production rate than the consumption, but still continued to do rice import to maintain price stabilization. The simulation of a tariff increase causes an increase in production and a decrease in consumption, and vice versa. Liberalization of the rice trade (tariff exemption) has led to greater economic welfare, but from a distribution point of view, producers receive a smaller surplus than consumers, which means that the benefit distribution aspect of government policies is not realized, so the government must pay more attention to producer surpluses and consumer surpluses without much disadvantage one of the parties.

Performance of cocoa beans production modelling in Indonesia

Cocoa beans production Indonesia has decline in recent years but demand for cocoa beans relatively increase. This research aims to analyse the modelling of cocoa beans production in Indonesia. This research used secondary data from 2005-2018, with simultaneous equation models. The results of this research indicate that the production of cocoa beans has a positive relationship with land area, international price of cocoa beans and lag of cocoa beans production, while the price of domestic cocoa beans has a negative relationship with cocoa beans production. Domestic demand for cocoa beans has a positive relationship with domestic price of cocoa beans and the cocoa processing industry. Domestic price of cocoa beans has a positive relationship with domestic demand for cocoa beans, international price of cocoa beans and lag domestic price of cocoa beans, while cocoa beans production has a negative relationship with domestic cocoa bean prices.

DERIVITISATION OF PREGABALIN FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION WITH METHYLCOBALAMINE USING ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY

Accurate, sensitive, and economical procedures for simultaneous estimation of pregabalin and methylcobalamine in tablet dosage form have been developed. The method employed is simultaneous equation method. This method employs the formation and solving of simultaneous equation using 528 nm and 568 nm as the two wavelengths for forming equation. Drugs obey Beer’s law in the concentration range 10-50 µg mL-1 for pregabalin and 10-50 µg mL-1 for methylcobalamine. The proposed spectrophotometric method was validated and successfully applied for the assay of both drug combinations in several laboratory prepared mixtures and commercial tablets

SIMULASI KEBIJAKAN PADA IMPLEMENTASI PERJANJIAN KOMPREHENSIF INDONESIA-AUSTRALIA (IA-CEPA) TERHADAP PASAR DAGING SAPI DOMESTIK

Abstrak Beberapa tahun terakhir, pemenuhan permintaan daging sapi di Indonesia masih bergantung pada impor khususnya dari Australia. Impor daging sapi dapat menstabilkan harga daging sapi domestik, tetapi di lain sisi dapat menekan pendapatan peternak lokal. Implementasi dari IA-CEPA adalah penghapusan tarif impor dan TRQ (Tariff Rate Quota) untuk komoditas sapi hidup. Penghapusan tarif menyebabkan harga sapi yang masuk ke Indonesia menjadi lebih murah dan memperbesar peluang peningkatan volume impor sapi hidup. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis skenario terbaik untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan pelaku ekonomi dengan menggunakan model persamaan simultan 2SLS (two stage least square). Simulasi dilakukan untuk tiga skenario yaitu skenario penghapusan tarif, penetapan kuota, dan TRQ. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa skenario penghapusan tarif memberikan total peningkatan kesejahteraan pelaku ekonomi terbesar yaitu 115 miliar dengan rincian defisit 736 miliar bagi produsen, surplus 936 miliar bagi konsumen, dan defisit 85 miliar untuk penerimaan pemerintah. Oleh karena itu, skenario yang direkomendasikan adalah skenario penghapusan tarif pada impor sapi dari Australia. Kata Kunci: 2SLS, IA-CEPA, Pasar Daging Sapi Abstract Recently, demand fulfillment of beef in Indonesia depended on imports, especially from Australia. import can stabilize the domestic price of beef, but the other hand can suppress the income of local farmers. Implementation of IA-CEPA policies is the elimination of import tariff and TRQ (tariff rate quota) for live cattle commodities. Elimination of import tariff causes the price of cattle to enter Indonesia to be cheaper and increases the opportunity to increase the import volume of live cattle. The study aims to investigate the best scenario that can improve the welfare of economic actors using simultaneous equation model 2SLS (two-stage least squares). Three scenarios that simulated are eliminating tariff, setting quota, and TRQ. The result shows that eliminating tariffs gives the largest total welfare increase of economic actors that is 115 billion, with a 736 billion deficit for producers, 936 billion surplus for consumers, and 85 billion deficit for government revenue. Therefore, the policy recommendation is the scenario of eliminating tariffs on cattle imports from Australia. Keywords: 2SLS, IA-CEPA, Beef Market JEL Classification: C53, F12, F13

PERNERAPAN MODEL PERSAMAAN SIMULTAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN TWO STAGE LEAST SQUARE PADA KASUS INFLASI DAN NILAI TUKAR RUPIAH DI INDONESIA

Using the regression model, a method that accommodates variables related to each other is called the simultaneous equation method. The study aims to determine the factors affecting inflation and rupiah exchange rate and model simultaneous equations towards the factors affecting inflation and rupiah exchange rate in Indonesia using Two-Stage Least Square. Data used in this study are secondary data obtained from the website of Statistics of Indonesia. Findings on the simultaneous equation model with two-stage least squares reveal that variables that significantly affect inflation are the Indonesia rupiah exchange rate and money supply. At the same time, variables that significantly affect the Indonesian rupiah exchange rate are inflation and money supply. The predictive value using the inflation and rupiah exchange rate equation indicates that the obtained MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) value does not exceed 50%. In conclusion, the prediction result using the inflation and Indonesia rupiah exchange rate equation is accurate.

Validation of UV Spectrophotometry Method for Determination of Lopinavir and Ritonavir Simultaneously

Lopinavir and ritonavir are anti-viral compounds that have similar chemical structures and overlapping UV spectral profiles. The combination of these two compounds is being promoted as an anti-COVID19 drug. Determination of these two compounds simultaneously using UV spectrophotometry method requires special technique so that the result will be valid. The purpose of this study was to obtain a suitable analytical technique using UV spectrophotometry for the determination of lopinavir-ritonavir simultaneously that fulfill the method validation requirement. In this study, the simultaneous equation technique, absorptivity comparison factor, and first derivative technique were used to overcome the effect of lopinavir/ritonavir absorbance at selected wavelengths for determination of each compound simultaneously. The one-way ANOVA statistical test was used to compare the result of the three analytical techniques. The results showed that the three techniques fullfilled the AOAC requirements for selectivity and linearity. The accuracy and precision test result have not met the requirements of the AOAC method validation. Statistically. the one-way ANOVA analysis showed there was a significant difference between the mean recovery of lopinavir using the absorptivity factor and first derivative technique. Whereas, there was no significant differences among the mean of ritonavir recoveries that were determined using those three techniques. As conclusion, that the UV spectrophotometric method using the simultaneous equation technique, the absorptivity factor technique, and the derivative technique for assaying the lopinavir and ritonavir simultaneously met the requirements for selectivity and linearity parameters. However, the accuracy and precision have not met the requirements. The first derivative technique is suitable for further developed for ritonavir and lopinavir determination simultaneously

Rio 2016 Olympic Games: Brand and the reciprocal effects of touristic destinations

This study analyzes the effect of Brazil's national tourism brand on the image of Rio de Janeiro as the host city of the 2016 Olympic Games, and the reciprocal effect of Rio de Janeiro on Brazil, considering both as tourist destinations. A quantitative study was employed using structured questionnaires, with a sample of foreign respondents ( n = 340) and a simultaneous equation method. A positive reciprocal effect was found. In general, the perception of a country as a tourist destination influences destinations within that country. However, the Brazil destination brand image did not influence Rio. This situation was proved to be an exception to the rule, the sports mega-event context probably contributing to the result.

Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Etizolam and Propranolol Hydrochloride in bulk and Combined Dosage Forms by Simultaneous and Derivative Spectroscopic Methods

Accurate, simple, sensitive and rapid economic UV spectroscopic methods were developed for the estimation of Etizolam and Propranolol Hydrochloride in bulk and combined dosage form. The present study deals with the UV spectroscopic method development and validation for the Simultaneous Equation method and First Derivative method of Etizolam and Propranolol Hydrochloride in bulk and combined dosage form at determined wavelength of Etizolam and Propranolol Hydrochloride at 244nm and 288nm for Simultaneous Equation method and 234nm and 289nm for First Derivative Method. The linearity range for Etizolam and Propranolol Hydrochloride was 1-5µg/ml and 10-50µg/ml, and exhibit good correlation coefficient of Etizolam and Propranolol Hydrochloride was 0.9877 and 0.9977 for Simultaneous Equation method and 0.9872 and 0.9977 for First Derivative method, respectively and excellent mean recovery (98-102%). The precision was found to be within limit (%RSD <2). Comparatively First Derivative method is more sensitive than Simultaneous Equation method. The methods were validated statistically and parameters like linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and assay was studied according to ICH guidelines and can be applicable in determination of both drugs in routine quality control analysis of drugs in bulk and combined dosage form.

Absorptive capacity facilitates adaptation to novel environmental disasters

Absorptive capacity–the ability to learn and apply external knowledge and information to acquire material resources–is an essential but overlooked driver in community adaptation to new and unprecedented disasters. We analyzed data from a representative random sample of 603 individuals from 25 coastal communities in Louisiana affected by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. We used simultaneous equation models to assess the relationship between absorptive capacity and resource acquisition for affected individuals after the disaster. Results show that the diversity of individuals’ prior knowledge coupled with the community’s external orientation and internal cohesion facilitate resource use. They go beyond simply providing resources and demonstrate individual and community features necessary for absorbing information and knowledge and help devise adaptation strategies to address the dynamics of changing economic, social, and political environment after the disaster.