scholarly journals Cocaine-specific speed-accuracy trade-off during anti-saccade testing differentiates patients with cocaine use disorder who achieve initial abstinence during treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 026988112199156
Author(s):  
Constanza de Dios ◽  
Robert Suchting ◽  
Heather E Webber ◽  
Jin H Yoon ◽  
Luba Yammine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Processing Ability ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Background: The response time speed-accuracy trade-off (SATO) is an established index of information processing ability, but rarely examined as a variable in association with treatment of substance use disorder (SUD). Aim: The purpose of this study was to test baseline information-processing ability differences between individuals who respond to treatment for cocaine use disorder v. those who do not. Methods: Eighty patients enrolled in a clinical trial for cocaine use disorder completed a baseline drug-specific eye-tracking (anti-saccade) assessment prior to treatment, which included trials with both cocaine-related and neutral stimuli. SATO functions were computed for treatment responders v. non-responders. Results: Unexpectedly, responders demonstrated statistically different SATO functions, showing poorer accuracy when executing faster response times. This difference was present on trials that presented cocaine stimuli only. Conclusions: SATO during performance of an eye-movement task may be useful for predicting differential response to substance use disorder treatment. However, in the present study, results were specific to cocaine cues rather than an overall SATO performance decrement.

scholarly journals Hidden Markov Models of Evidence Accumulation in Speeded Decision Tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šimon Kucharský ◽  
N.-Han Tran ◽  
Karel Veldkamp ◽  
Maartje Eusebia Josefa Raijmakers ◽  
Ingmar Visser
Keyword(s):  
Hidden Markov Models ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Markov Switching Models ◽  
Markov Structure ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Decision Tasks

Speeded decision tasks are usually modeled within the evidence accumulation framework, enabling inferences on latent cognitive parameters, and capturing dependencies between the observed response times and accuracy. An example is the speed-accuracy trade-off, where people sacrifice speed for accuracy (or vice versa). Different views on this phenomenon lead to the idea that participants may not be able to control this trade-off on a continuum, but rather switch between distinct states (Dutilh, et al., 2010).Hidden Markov models are used to account for switching between distinct states. However, combining evidence accumulation models with a hidden Markov structure is a challenging problem, as evidence accumulation models typically come with identification and computational issues that make them challenging on their own. Thus, hidden Markov models have not used the evidence accumulation framework, giving up on the inference on the latent cognitive parameters, or capturing potential dependencies between response times and accuracy within the states.This article presents a model that uses an evidence accumulation model as part of a hidden Markov structure. This model is considered as a proof of principle that evidence accumulation models can be combined with Markov switching models. As such, the article considers a very simple case of a simplified Linear Ballistic Accumulation. An extensive simulation study was conducted to validate the model's implementation according to principles of robust Bayesian workflow. Example reanalysis of data from Dutilh, et al. (2010) demonstrates the application of the new model. The article concludes with limitations and future extensions or alternatives to the model and its application.

Validity of the DSM-5 craving criterion for alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and non-prescription use of prescription painkillers (opioids)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
D. Shmulewitz ◽  
M. Stohl ◽  
E. Greenstein ◽  
S. Roncone ◽  
C. Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Impaired Control ◽  
Baseline Information

Abstract Background Although the DSM-5 was adopted in 2013, the validity of the new substance use disorder (SUD) diagnosis and craving criterion has not been investigated systematically across substances. Methods Adults (N = 588) who engaged in binge drinking or illicit drug use and endorsed at least one DSM-5 SUD criterion were included. DSM-5 SUD criteria were assessed for alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and opioids. Craving was considered positive if “wanted to use so badly that could not think of anything else” (severe craving) or “felt a very strong desire or urge to use” (moderate craving) was endorsed. Baseline information on substance-related variables and psychopathology was collected, and electronic daily assessment queried substance use for the following 90 days. For each substance, logistic regression estimated the association between craving and validators, i.e. variables expected to be related to craving/SUD, and whether association with the validators differed for DSM-5 SUD diagnosed with craving as a criterion v. without. Results Across substances, craving was associated with most baseline validators (p values<0.05); neither moderate nor severe craving consistently showed greater associations. Baseline craving predicted subsequent use [odds ratios (OR): 4.2 (alcohol) – 234.3 (heroin); p's ⩽ 0.0001], with stronger associations for moderate than severe craving (p's < 0.05). Baseline DSM-5 SUD showed stronger associations with subsequent use when diagnosed with craving than without (p's < 0.05). Conclusion The DSM-5 craving criterion as operationalized in this study is valid. Including craving improves the validity of DSM-5 SUD diagnoses, and clinical relevance, since craving may cause impaired control over use and development and maintenance of SUD.

scholarly journals Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs in Spatial Orientation Information Processing

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 359-363
Author(s):  
Robert E. Schlegel ◽  
William F. Storm
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Period Analysis ◽  
Alcohol Response ◽  
Orientation Information ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

A study was conducted to further evaluate the Manikin Task, a test of spatial orientation information processing. The objectives of the study were to determine the speed vs. accuracy tradeoff characteristics of the task and to assess performance on the task under the influence of ethyl alcohol. Response times and accuracy were measured on five subjects over a five-week period. Analysis of the data indicated a definite decline in accuracy corresponding to a forced decrease in response time. The effect of alcohol was evidenced by a change in the slope of the speed-accuracy tradeoff function.

scholarly journals Hidden Markov Models of Evidence Accumulation in Speeded Decision Tasks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šimon Kucharský ◽  
N.-Han Tran ◽  
Karel Veldkamp ◽  
Maartje Raijmakers ◽  
Ingmar Visser
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Hidden Markov Models ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Markov Structure ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Decision Tasks

AbstractSpeeded decision tasks are usually modeled within the evidence accumulation framework, enabling inferences on latent cognitive parameters, and capturing dependencies between the observed response times and accuracy. An example is the speed-accuracy trade-off, where people sacrifice speed for accuracy (or vice versa). Different views on this phenomenon lead to the idea that participants may not be able to control this trade-off on a continuum, but rather switch between distinct states (Dutilh et al., Cognitive Science 35(2):211–250, 2010). Hidden Markov models are used to account for switching between distinct states. However, combining evidence accumulation models with a hidden Markov structure is a challenging problem, as evidence accumulation models typically come with identification and computational issues that make them challenging on their own. Thus, an integration of hidden Markov models with evidence accumulation models has still remained elusive, even though such models would allow researchers to capture potential dependencies between response times and accuracy within the states, while concomitantly capturing different behavioral modes during cognitive processing. This article presents a model that uses an evidence accumulation model as part of a hidden Markov structure. This model is considered as a proof of principle that evidence accumulation models can be combined with Markov switching models. As such, the article considers a very simple case of a simplified Linear Ballistic Accumulation. An extensive simulation study was conducted to validate the model’s implementation according to principles of robust Bayesian workflow. Example reanalysis of data from Dutilh et al. (Cognitive Science 35(2):211–250, 2010) demonstrates the application of the new model. The article concludes with limitations and future extensions or alternatives to the model and its application.

scholarly journals Peer tutoring of computer programming increases exploratory behavior in children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego de la Hera ◽  
Maria Belen Zanoni ◽  
Mariano Sigman ◽  
Cecilia Inés Calero
Keyword(s):  
Peer Tutoring ◽  
Exploratory Behavior ◽  
Computer Programming ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Educational Resource ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Programming Skills ◽  
Speed Accuracy

There is growing interest to teach computer science and programming skills at schools. Here we investigate the efficacy of peer-tutoring which is known to be a useful educational resource in other domains, but never before examined in such a core aspect of applied logical thinking in children. We compared (1) how children learn computer programming from an adult vs learning from a peer, and (2) the effect of teaching a peer vs simply revising what has been learned. Our results indicate that children taught by a peer showed comparable performance to their classmates taught by an adult. However, learning from a peer promoted a more exploratory behavior, resulting in a less conservative speed-accuracy trade-off, with shorter response times, at the expense of lower accuracy. By contrast, no effects of teaching were found. Our results thus provide empirical evidence in support of peer tutoring as a way to help teaching computer programming to children. This could contribute to the promotion of a widespread understanding of how computers operate and how to shape them, essential to our values of democracy, plurality and freedom.

scholarly journals The cognitive effects of hepatitis C in the presence and absence of a history of substance use disorder

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARILYN HUCKANS ◽  
ADRIANA SEELYE ◽  
TIFFANY PARCEL ◽  
LISA MULL ◽  
JONATHAN WOODHOUSE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Auditory Attention ◽  
Mental Flexibility ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine whether infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with cognitive impairment beyond the effects of prevalent comorbidities and a history of substance use disorder (SUD). Adult veterans were recruited from the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center into three groups: (1) HCV+/SUD+ (n = 39), (2) HCV+/SUD− (n = 24), and (3) HCV−/SUD− (n = 56). SUD+ participants were in remission for ≥90 days, while SUD− participants had no history of SUD. Groups did not significantly differ in terms of rates of psychiatric or medical comorbidities. Procedures included clinical interviews, medical record reviews, and neuropsychological testing. Significant group differences were found in the domains of Verbal Memory, Auditory Attention, Speeded Visual Information Processing, and Reasoning/Mental Flexibility (p ≤ .05). Post hoc comparisons indicated that HCV+/SUD− patients performed significantly worse than HCV−/SUD− controls on tests measuring verbal learning, auditory attention, and reasoning/mental flexibility, but only HCV+/SUD+ patients did worse than HCV−/SUD− controls on tests of speeded visual information processing. Results indicate that chronic HCV is associated with cognitive impairment in the absence of a history of SUD. The most robust deficits appear to be in verbal learning and reasoning/mental flexibility. (JINS, 2009, 15, 69–82.)

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document