The Political Economy of Education in India: Teacher Politics in Uttar Pradesh

This chapter analyses the reasons underlying the revival of communalism in western UP in the 2000s, culminating in one of the most extremely violent riots in recent decades in UP in Muzaffarnagar and adjoining districts in 2013. Two longer-term developments played a key role: sustained construction of everyday communalism by the BJP–RSS at the grass roots from the early 2000s, followed by the long and divisive electoral campaign for the 2014 national elections under Narendra Modi; a deepening agrarian crisis which contributed to the breakdown of the relatively harmonious, socioeconomic relationship between Hindus—primarily Jats—and Muslims in the rural areas, making them highly vulnerable to communal feelings. These shifts allowed the BJP through well-organized and sustained mobilization to deepen the sociopolitical divide between these communities, leading to communal tension and riots. While the former constitutes the political and aggressively visible form, the latter constitutes the underlying political economy aspect.

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Politics, Culture, and the Political Economy of Everyday Communalism in Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Everyday Communalism ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199466290.003.0003 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 85-131

Author(s):

Sudha Pai ◽

Sajjan Kumar

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

Identity Politics ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

The Political ◽

Political Consciousness ◽

Muslim Identity ◽

Communal Violence ◽

Fertile Ground ◽

Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Chapter 2 describes the beginnings of everyday communalism in eastern UP since the late 1990s/early 2000s. Two developments underlie the renewed incidents of communal violence in the 2000s: emergence of new patterns of communal mobilization by the BJP–RSS and the HYV; significant changes in the economy of the region, especially in Mau. Four significant, political strands underlie resulting communal tension and riots: shift from class-based mobilization by left/socialist parties to identity politics, and to criminalization and rise of mafia dons in the Mau-Azamgarh area; the emergence of the backward Muslims movement, leading to rise in political consciousness, fragmented Muslim identity, and autonomous politics; changes following globalization in the weaving industry that have affected the Muslim-Ansari community causing confrontation with Hindu traders. These have provided fertile ground for aggressive everyday communal mobilization by an independent power centre under Yogi Adityanath; the activities of the Gorakhnath Math are also examined.

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Land Records Modernisation: Karnataka

10.24943/lrmkarnataka.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amlanjyoti Goswami ◽

Sudeshna Mitra ◽

Kaye Lushington ◽

Deepika Jha

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Urban Land ◽

Indian Institute ◽

The Political ◽

Human Settlements ◽

Property Ownership ◽

Technology Platforms ◽

Land Records

During 2017–2020, a team of researchers at the Indian Institute for Human Settlements conducted a series of primary and secondary studies on land record modernisation initiatives in five states and union territories of India. Based on extensive on-ground research, this work is part of a five-volume set that presents findings from Delhi, Maharashtra, Chandigarh, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh, with a focus on urban land and property records and the associated complexities. This volume on Karnataka highlights the state’s early gains in using technology platforms to modernise land records, including Bhoomi and the Urban Property Ownership Record (UPOR). UPOR remains one of the most important initiatives for creating denovo property records in urban areas. The volume also takes a more nuanced approach to modernisation of land records, and consequent privatisation of associated services, within the larger context of the political economy of land

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