Risk Factors and Indicators for Commercial Sexual Exploitation/Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking of Adolescent Girls in the United States in the Context of School Nursing: An Integrative Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
pp. 105984052097180
Author(s):  
Simone Jaeckl ◽  
Kathryn Laughon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
Commercial Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Provider Education

As trusted health care providers in the school setting, school nurses are positioned uniquely to identify children at risk for or victims of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). Nevertheless, many victims go unrecognized and unaided due to inadequate provider education on victim identification. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major risk factors for CSEC of girls aged 12–18, the largest group of CSEC victims in the United States. A search of four databases (Web of Science, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and PubMed) yielded 21 articles with domestic focus, published in English between January 2014 and May 2020. While childhood maltreatment trauma was found most relevant, a variety of other risk factors were identified. Future nursing research is called to address the numerous research gaps identified in this review that are crucial for the development of policies and procedures supporting school nurses in recognizing victims quickly and intervening appropriately.

Pornography and Global Sex Trafficking

2017 ◽  
pp. 121-133
Author(s):  
Michael Pittaro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Commercial Sexual Exploitation ◽  
The World ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Abuse Of Women

The primary purpose of drawing international attention to this chapter is to truly understand and subsequently address the abhorrent role that pornography and prostitution play in transnational sex trafficking operations. Pornography, especially when coupled with prostitution unquestionably perpetuates sex trafficking particularly in the commercial sexual exploitation of women and girls across the world, yet the exact role pornography and prostitution play remains largely misunderstood and mostly speculative within the practitioner and scholar literature. This chapter will address those concerns as well propose plausible recommendations based on the research to date in order to assist and support those who are dedicated and committed to eradicating sex trafficking by infiltrating pornographers who create, disseminate, and participate directly and indirectly in the sexual exploitation and abuse of women and children on a global-scale. Also, this chapter will emphasize the need for TJ as a form of Court Innovation in the United States.

Vulnerabilities Relevant for Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children/Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannabeth Franchino-Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Juvenile Detention ◽  
Commercial Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking

The commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) and domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) occur across the United States, violating the rights and health of far too many children and youth. Adequate prevention efforts should seek to understand the factors that make minors vulnerable to sexual exploitation in order to properly design programs to prevent victimization. This review presents the identified risk factors collected via a systematic literature review. Following full-text review, 15 studies were selected for inclusion by meeting the following criteria: original quantitative or qualitative research studies published in English from January 2010 to September 2017 with titles or abstracts that indicated a focus on the risk factors, vulnerabilities, or statistics of CSEC/DMST and a domestic focus on CSEC/DMST (for U.S.-based journals) with findings that did not combine associations between minors and adults in the study. Relevant risk factors and vulnerabilities found in this review include child abuse and maltreatment, caregiver strain, running away or being thrown away, substance use, peer influence, witnessing family violence or criminality, poverty or material need, difficulty in school, conflict with parents, poor mental health or view of self, involvement in child protective services, involvement in juvenile detention or delinquency, early substance use, and prior rape or adolescent sexual victimization.

The Special Perils of Being Old and Sick in Prison

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 276-284
Author(s):  
William J. Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Constitution ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
Access To Medical Care

The United States Supreme Court declared in 1976 that deliberate indifference to the serious medical needs of prisoners constitutes the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain…proscribed by the Eighth Amendment. It matters not whether the indifference is manifested by prison doctors in their response to the prisoner’s needs or by prison guards intentionally denying or delaying access to medical care or intentionally interfering with treatment once prescribed—adequate prisoner medical care is required by the United States Constitution. My incarceration for four years at the Oakdale Satellite Prison Camp, a chronic health care level camp, gives me the perspective to challenge the generally promoted claim of the Bureau of Federal Prisons that it provides decent medical care by competent and caring medical practitioners to chronically unhealthy elderly prisoners. The same observation, to a slightly lesser extent, could be made with respect to deficiencies in the delivery of health care to prisoners of all ages, as it is all significantly deficient in access, competencies, courtesies and treatments extended by prison health care providers at every level of care, without regard to age. However, the frailer the prisoner, the more dangerous these health care deficiencies are to his health and, therefore, I believe, warrant separate attention. This paper uses first-hand experiences of elderly prisoners to dismantle the tale that prisoner healthcare meets constitutional standards.

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