The life-cycle cost (LCC) of a structure in seismic regions, which includes the initial and the post-earthquake repair cost, is a critical parameter for structural engineers and other stakeholders. The LCC analysis has been gaining prominence in recent years since civil infrastructure sustainability has been identified as one of the grand challenges for engineering in the 21st century. The objective of this chapter is to first identify the components in LCC evaluation that directly affect the outcomes, and propose strategies to improve the reliability of the analysis. The shortcomings of existing studies on LCC optimization of structures are identified. These shortcomings include simplified analysis techniques to determine the structural capacity and earthquake demand, use of generalized definitions for structural limit states, and inadequacies in treating uncertainty. In the following, the problem formulation and a brief review of existing literature on LCC optimization of structures are provided. A LCC model is presented, and techniques are proposed to improve the above mentioned shortcomings. Finally, LCC analysis of an example reinforced concrete (RC) structure is employed to illustrate the methodology.
Life-cycle of engineering systems: emphasis on sustainable civil infrastructure
