scholarly journals Anonymous Stochastic Routing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mine Su Erturk ◽  
Kuang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Random Perturbation ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
New Class ◽  
Stochastic Routing ◽  
Network Topologies ◽  
Entire Trajectory

We propose and analyze a recipient-anonymous stochastic routing model to study a fundamental trade-off between anonymity and routing delay. An agent wants to quickly reach a goal vertex in a network through a sequence of routing actions, whereas an overseeing adversary observes the agent’s entire trajectory and tries to identify the agent’s goal among those vertices traversed. We are interested in understanding the probability that the adversary can correctly identify the agent’s goal (anonymity) as a function of the time it takes the agent to reach it (delay). A key feature of our model is the presence of intrinsic uncertainty in the environment, so that each of the agent’s intended steps is subject to random perturbation and thus may not materialize as planned. Using large-network asymptotics, our main results provide near-optimal characterization of the anonymity–delay trade-off under a number of network topologies. Our main technical contributions are centered on a new class of “noise-harnessing” routing strategies that adaptively combine intrinsic uncertainty from the environment with additional artificial randomization to achieve provably efficient obfuscation.

scholarly journals When Does Diversity of Agent Preferences Improve Outcomes in Selfish Routing?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Cole ◽  
Thanasis Lianeas ◽  
Evdokia Nikolova
Keyword(s):  
Common Belief ◽  
Selfish Routing ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Network Topologies ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
The Common ◽  
Routing Games

We seek to understand when heterogeneity in agent preferences yields improved outcomes in terms of overall cost. That this might be hoped for is based on the common belief that diversity is advantageous in many multi-agent settings. We investigate this in the context of routing. Our main result is a sharp characterization of the network settings in which diversity always helps, versus those in which it is sometimes harmful. Specifically, we consider routing games, where diversity arises in the way that agents trade-off two criteria (such as time and money, or, in the case of stochastic delays, expectation and variance of delay). Our main contributions are: 1) A participant-oriented measure of cost in the presence of agent diversity; 2) A full characterization of those network topologies for which diversity always helps, for all latency functions and demands.

Targeting IDH Mutations in AML: Wielding the Double-edged Sword of Differentiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 490-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin S. Becker ◽  
Amir T. Fathi
Keyword(s):  
Genome Structure ◽  
Cellular Metabolism ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Competitive Inhibitor ◽  
Driver Mutations ◽  
New Class ◽  
Regulatory Enzymes ◽  
Idh Mutations ◽  
Genomic Characterization

The genomic characterization of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by DNA sequencing has illuminated subclasses of the disease, with distinct driver mutations, that might be responsive to targeted therapies. Approximately 15-23% of AML genomes harbor mutations in one of two isoforms of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1 or IDH2). These enzymes are constitutive mediators of basic cellular metabolism, but their mutated forms in cancer synthesize an abnormal metabolite, 2- hydroxyglutarate, that in turn acts as a competitive inhibitor of multiple gene regulatory enzymes. As a result, leukemic IDH mutations cause changes in genome structure and gene activity, culminating in an arrest of normal myeloid differentiation. These discoveries have motivated the development of a new class of selective small molecules with the ability to inhibit the mutant IDH enzymes while sparing normal cellular metabolism. These agents have shown promising anti-leukemic activity in animal models and early clinical trials, and are now entering Phase 3 study. This review will focus on the growing preclinical and clinical data evaluating IDH inhibitors for the treatment of IDH-mutated AML. These data suggest that inducing cellular differentiation is central to the mechanism of clinical efficacy for IDH inhibitors, while also mediating toxicity for patients who experience IDH Differentiation Syndrome. Ongoing trials are studying the efficacy of IDH inhibitors in combination with other AML therapies, both to evaluate potential synergistic combinations as well as to identify the appropriate place for IDH inhibitors within existing standard-of-care regimens.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Antibiotic Compound No. 70 Produced byStreptomycessp. IMV-70

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila P. Trenozhnikova ◽  
Almagul K. Khasenova ◽  
Assya S. Balgimbaeva ◽  
Galina B. Fedorova ◽  
Genrikh S. Katrukha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Producer Strain ◽  
New Class ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Actinomycete Strain ◽  
Main Component

We describe the actinomycete strain IMV-70 isolated from the soils of Kazakhstan, which produces potent antibiotics with high levels of antibacterial activity. After the research of its morphological, chemotaxonomic, and cultural characteristics, the strain with potential to be developed further as a novel class of antibiotics with chemotherapeutics potential was identified asStreptomycessp. IMV-70. In the process of fermentation, the strainStreptomycesspp. IMV-70 produces the antibiotic no. 70, which was isolated from the culture broth by extraction with organic solvents. Antibiotic compound no. 70 was purified and separated into individual components by HPLC, TLC, and column chromatography methods. The main component of the compound is the antibiotic 70-A, which was found to be identical to the peptolide etamycin A. Two other antibiotics 70-B and 70-C have never been described and therefore are new antibiotics. The physical-chemical and biological characteristics of these preparations were described and further researched. Determination of the optimal growth conditions to cultivate actinomycete-producer strain IMV-70 and development of methods to isolate, purify, and accumulate preparations of the new antibiotic no. 70 enable us to research further the potential of this new class of antibiotics.

HIGH DIMENSIONAL KNOT GROUPS AND HNN EXTENSIONS OF THE FIBONACCI GROUPS

1998 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRZEJ SZCZEPAŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
High Dimensional ◽  
New Class ◽  
Hnn Extensions

We shall present a new class of examples of high dimensional knot groups. All of them are HNN extensions of the Fibonacci groups. We give also some characterization of these groups.

Characterization of a new class of deletions of the D region of the bacteriophage T4 genome

Virology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Depew ◽  
Thomas J. Snopek ◽  
Nicholas R. Cozzarelli
Keyword(s):  
Bacteriophage T4 ◽  
New Class ◽  
D Region

Synthesis and Characterization of a New Class of Benzothiazolines

2005 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. P. Singh ◽  
D. Shanker ◽  
R. K. Sharma ◽  
J. Sharma ◽  
A. K. Rai
Keyword(s):  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
New Class
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