scholarly journals Finding a measure, a ring theoretical approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ali Parsian

Let \(S\) be a nonempty set and \(F\) consists of all \(Z_{2}\) characteristic functions defined on \(S\). We are supposed to introduce a ring isomorphic to \((P(S),\triangle,\cap)\), whose set is \(F\). Then, assuming a finitely additive function $m$ defined on \(P(S)\), we change \(P(S)\) to a pseudometric space \((P(S),d_{m})\) in which its pseudometric is defined by \(m\). Among other things, we investigate the concepts of convergence and continuity in the induced pseudometric space. Moreover, a theorem on the measure of some kinds of elements in \((P(S),m)\) will be established. At the end, as an application in probability theory, the probability of some events in the space of permutations with uniform probability will be determined. Some illustrative examples are included to show the usefulness and applicability of results.

Author(s):  
M. S. Bartlett

SummaryIt has been shown that orthodox probability theory may consistently be extended to include probability numbers outside the conventional range, and in particular negative probabilities. Random variables are correspondingly generalized to include extraordiary random variables; these have been defined in general, however, only through their characteristic functions.This generalized theory implies redundancy, and its use is a matter of convenience. Eddington(3) has employed it in this sense to introduce a correction to the fluctuation in number of particles within a given volume.Negative probabilities must always be combined with positive ones to give an ordinary probability before a physical interpretation is admissible. This suggests that where negative probabilities have appeared spontaneously in quantum theory it is due to the mathematical segregation of systems or states which physically only exist in combination.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Kurusch Ebrahimi-Fard ◽  
Frédéric Patras ◽  
Nikolas Tapia ◽  
Lorenzo Zambotti

Abstract Wick polynomials and Wick products are studied in the context of noncommutative probability theory. It is shown that free, Boolean, and conditionally free Wick polynomials can be defined and related through the action of the group of characters over a particular Hopf algebra. These results generalize our previous developments of a Hopf-algebraic approach to cumulants and Wick products in classical probability theory.


1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Khrennikov ◽  
Shinichi Yamada ◽  
Arnoud van Rooij

1979 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-114
Author(s):  
Wulf Driessler ◽  
Ivan F. Wilde

AbstractFor a family {Xα} of random variables over a probability space , stochastic independence can be formulated in terms of factorization properties of characteristic functions. This idea is reformulated for a family {Aα} of selfadjoint operators over a probability gage space and is shown to be inappropriate as a non-commutative generalization. Indeed, such factorization properties imply that the {Aα} mutually commute and are versions of independent random variables in the usual sense.


Author(s):  
Marcos F. Maestre

Recently we have developed a form of polarization microscopy that forms images using optical properties that have previously been limited to macroscopic samples. This has given us a new window into the distribution of structure on a microscopic scale. We have coined the name differential polarization microscopy to identify the images obtained that are due to certain polarization dependent effects. Differential polarization microscopy has its origins in various spectroscopic techniques that have been used to study longer range structures in solution as well as solids. The differential scattering of circularly polarized light has been shown to be dependent on the long range chiral order, both theoretically and experimentally. The same theoretical approach was used to show that images due to differential scattering of circularly polarized light will give images dependent on chiral structures. With large helices (greater than the wavelength of light) the pitch and radius of the helix could be measured directly from these images.


2016 ◽  
Vol 0 (26) ◽  
pp. 71-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Vázquez Liñán ◽  
◽  
Salvador Leetoy ◽  

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