scholarly journals Focus and contrastive topic in questions and answers, with particular reference to Turkish

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beste Kamali ◽  
Manfred Krifka
Keyword(s):  
Algebraic Representation ◽  
Similar Role ◽  
Discourse Coherence ◽  
Dynamic Interpretation ◽  
Contrastive Topic ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Alternative Questions

AbstractMuch recent research has recognized the importance of focus and contrastive topic in assertions for discourse coherence. However, with few exceptions, it has been neglected that focus and contrastive topic also occur in questions, and have a similar role in establishing coherence. We propose a framework of dynamic interpretation based on the notion of Commitment Spaces that show that a uniform interpretation of focus and contrastive topic is possible. The algebraic representation format is rich enough so that a separate introduction of discourse trees is not necessary. The paper discusses these phenomena for Turkish, a language with an explicit focus marker for polar and alternative questions, which distinguishes focus from contrastive topic.

scholarly journals The role of focus marking in disjunctive questions: A QUD-based approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 654
Author(s):  
Morwenna Hoeks
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Congruence Condition ◽  
Contrastive Topic ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Alternative Questions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Focus Marking

Disjunctive questions are ambiguous: they can either be interpreted as polar questions (PolQs), as open disjunctive questions (OpenQs), or as closed alternative questions (ClosedQ). The goal of this paper is to show that the difference in interpretation between these questions can be derived via effects of focus marking directly. In doing so, the proposal brings out the striking parallel between the prosody of questions with foci/contrastive topics on the one hand and that of alternative questions on the other. Unlike previous approaches, this proposal does not rely on structural differences between AltQs and PolQs derived via ellipsis or syntactic movement. To show how this works out, an account of focus and contrastive topic marking in questions is put forward in which f-marking in questions determines what constitutes a possible answer by signaling what the speaker's QUD is like. By imposing a congruence condition between f-marked questions and their answers that requires answers to resolve the question itself as well as its signaled QUD, we predict the right answerhood conditions for disjunctive questions.

Focus and contrastive topic: More questions, and answers

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 141-157
Author(s):  
Beste Kamali ◽  
Manfred Krifka
Keyword(s):  
Contrastive Topic ◽  
Questions And Answers

Impairment Questions and Answers

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Industry ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Injured Workers ◽  
Disability Benefits ◽  
Uniform System ◽  
Questions And Answers

Abstract Controversy attends use of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) in defining injured workers’ permanent partial disability benefits: States desire an efficient, nonsubjective way to determine benefits for nonscheduled injuries and are using the AMA Guides to define the extent of disability. Organized labor is concerned that use of the AMA Guides, particularly with modifications, does not yield a fair analysis of an injured worker's disability. From its first issue, The Guides Newsletter emphatically emphasized and clearly stated that impairment percentages derived according to AMA Guides criteria should not be used to make direct financial awards or direct estimates of disability. The insurance industry and organized labor differ about the use of the AMA Guides in defining permanent partial disability (PPD). Insurers support use of the AMA Guides because they seek a uniform system that minimizes subjectivity in determining benefits. Organized labor is particularly concerned about the lack of fairness of directly equating impairment and disability, and if the rating plays a role in defining disability, additional issues also must be considered. More states are likely to use the AMA Guides with incorporation of additional features such as an index to PPD.

Questions and Answers: Rating Spinal Pain Using the Sixth Edition

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 11-12
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham ◽  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Marjorie Eskay-Auerbach ◽  
Charles N. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Pain ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Questions And Answers

Impairment Questions and Answers

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Validity ◽  
Validity Testing ◽  
Symptom Validity Testing ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Tunnel Vision ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Blurry Vision ◽  
Fatigue Evaluation ◽  
Choice Testing ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract Symptom validity testing, also known as forced-choice testing, is a way to assess the validity of sensory and memory deficits, including tactile anesthesias, paresthesias, blindness, color blindness, tunnel vision, blurry vision, and deafness—the common feature of which is a claimed inability to perceive or remember a sensory signal. Symptom validity testing comprises two elements: A specific ability is assessed by presenting a large number of items in a multiple-choice format, and then the examinee's performance is compared with the statistical likelihood of success based on chance alone. Scoring below a norm can be explained in many different ways (eg, fatigue, evaluation anxiety, limited intelligence, and so on), but scoring below the probabilities of chance alone most likely indicates deliberate deception. The positive predictive value of the symptom validity technique likely is quite high because there is no alternative explanation to deliberate distortion when performance is below the probability of chance. The sensitivity of this technique is not likely to be good because, as with a thermometer, positive findings indicate that a problem is present, but negative results do not rule out a problem. Although a compelling conclusion is that the examinee who scores below probabilities is deliberately motivated to perform poorly, malingering must be concluded from the total clinical context.

Questions and Answers

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham ◽  
James B. Talmage
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Residual Symptoms ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Motor Nerves ◽  
Symptoms And Signs ◽  
Limited Motion

Abstract Lesions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), whether due to injury or illness, commonly result in residual symptoms and signs and, hence, permanent impairment. The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) describes procedures for rating upper extremity neural deficits in Chapter 3, The Musculoskeletal System, section 3.1k; Chapter 4, The Nervous System, section 4.4 provides additional information and an example. The AMA Guides also divides PNS deficits into sensory and motor and includes pain within the former. The impairment estimates take into account typical manifestations such as limited motion, atrophy, and reflex, trophic, and vasomotor deficits. Lesions of the peripheral nervous system may result in diminished sensation (anesthesia or hypesthesia), abnormal sensation (dysesthesia or paresthesia), or increased sensation (hyperesthesia). Lesions of motor nerves can result in weakness or paralysis of the muscles innervated. Spinal nerve deficits are identified by sensory loss or pain in the dermatome or weakness in the myotome supplied. The steps in estimating brachial plexus impairment are similar to those for spinal and peripheral nerves. Evaluators should take care not to rate the same impairment twice, eg, rating weakness resulting from a peripheral nerve injury and the joss of joint motion due to that weakness.

Questions and Answers

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-15
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham ◽  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Craig Uejo
Keyword(s):  
Questions And Answers
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