The need for depression screening in patients with adrenal incidentalomas and (possible) autonomous cortisol secretion - the role of integrated care

Background The independent role of mild autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) in influencing the cardiovascular event (CVE) occurrence is a topic of interest. We investigated the role of mild ACS in the CVE occurrence in patients with adrenal incidentaloma (AI) by standard statistics and artificial neural networks (ANNs). Methods We analyzed a retrospective record of 518 AI patients. Data regarding cortisol levels after 1 mg dexamethasone suppression (1 mg DST) and the presence of obesity (OB), hypertension (AH), type-2 diabetes (T2DM), dyslipidemia (DL), familial CVE history, smoking habit and CVE were collected. Results The receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that 1 mg DST, at a cut-off of 1.8 µg/dL, had the best accuracy for detecting patients with increased CVE risk. In patients with 1 mg-DST ≥1.8 µg/dL (DST+, n = 223), age and prevalence of AH, T2DM, DL and CVE (66 years, 74.5, 25.9, 41.4 and 26.8% respectively) were higher than that of patients with 1 mg-DST ≤1.8 µg/dL (61.9 years, 60.7, 18.5, 32.9 and 10%, respectively, P < 0.05 for all). The CVE were associated with DST+ (OR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.5–4.1, P = 0.01), regardless of T2DM, AH, DL, smoking habit, gender, observation period and age. The presence of at least two among AH, T2DM, DL and OB plus DST+ had 61.1% sensitivity in detecting patients with CVE. By using the variables selected by ANNs (familial CVE history, age, T2DM, AH, DL and DST+) 78.7% sensitivity was reached. Conclusions Cortisol after 1 mg-DST is independently associated with the CVE occurrence. The ANNs might help for assessing the CVE risk in AI patients.

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Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-16-0467 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 175 (2) ◽

pp. G1-G34 ◽

Cited By ~ 444

Author(s):

Martin Fassnacht ◽

Wiebke Arlt ◽

Irina Bancos ◽

Henning Dralle ◽

John Newell-Price ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surgical Treatment ◽

Adrenal Mass ◽

Adrenal Incidentaloma ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Cushing's Syndrome ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Adrenal Incidentalomas ◽

Adrenal Masses ◽

Autonomous Cortisol Secretion

By definition, an adrenal incidentaloma is an asymptomatic adrenal mass detected on imaging not performed for suspected adrenal disease. In most cases, adrenal incidentalomas are nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas, but may also represent conditions requiring therapeutic intervention (e.g. adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, hormone-producing adenoma or metastasis). The purpose of this guideline is to provide clinicians with best possible evidence-based recommendations for clinical management of patients with adrenal incidentalomas based on the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. We predefined four main clinical questions crucial for the management of adrenal incidentaloma patients, addressing these four with systematic literature searches: (A) How to assess risk of malignancy?; (B) How to define and manage low-level autonomous cortisol secretion, formerly called ‘subclinical’ Cushing’s syndrome?; (C) Who should have surgical treatment and how should it be performed?; (D) What follow-up is indicated if the adrenal incidentaloma is not surgically removed?Selected recommendations:(i) At the time of initial detection of an adrenal mass establishing whether the mass is benign or malignant is an important aim to avoid cumbersome and expensive follow-up imaging in those with benign disease. (ii) To exclude cortisol excess, a 1mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test should be performed (applying a cut-off value of serum cortisol ≤50nmol/L (1.8µg/dL)). (iii) For patients without clinical signs of overt Cushing’s syndrome but serum cortisol levels post 1mg dexamethasone >138nmol/L (>5µg/dL), we propose the term ‘autonomous cortisol secretion’. (iv) All patients with ‘(possible) autonomous cortisol’ secretion should be screened for hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, to ensure these are appropriately treated. (v) Surgical treatment should be considered in an individualized approach in patients with ‘autonomous cortisol secretion’ who also have comorbidities that are potentially related to cortisol excess. (vi) In principle, the appropriateness of surgical intervention should be guided by the likelihood of malignancy, the presence and degree of hormone excess, age, general health and patient preference. (vii) Surgery is not usually indicated in patients with an asymptomatic, nonfunctioning unilateral adrenal mass and obvious benign features on imaging studies. We provide guidance on which surgical approach should be considered for adrenal masses with radiological findings suspicious of malignancy. Furthermore, we offer recommendations for the follow-up of patients with adrenal incidentaloma who do not undergo adrenal surgery, for those with bilateral incidentalomas, for patients with extra-adrenal malignancy and adrenal masses and for young and elderly patients with adrenal incidentalomas

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OR25-05 Increased Overall Mortality and Cardiovascular Morbidity in Patients with Adrenal Incidentalomas and Autonomous Cortisol Secretion: Results of the ENS@T NAPACA-Outcome Study

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1640 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Timo Deutschbein ◽

Giuseppe Reimondo ◽

Guido Di Dalmazi ◽

Irina Bancos ◽

Henrik Falhammar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Adrenal Incidentalomas ◽

Survival Status ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Randomized Intervention ◽

Autonomous Cortisol Secretion ◽

Overall Mortality

Abstract Objective. Several smaller studies on adrenal incidentalomas (AI) suggested an association between autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) and mortality (Di Dalmazi Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014, Debono J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014, Patrova Endocrine 2017). However, a recent meta-analysis (9 studies, 1356 patients) could not confirm these findings (Elhassan Ann Intern Med 2019). Aim. To investigate the effects of ACS on mortality, prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, and (CV) morbidity, in a representative cohort of AI. Design. Retrospective observational study conducted at 27 ENS@T centers from 15 countries. Methods. Inclusion criteria: AI diagnosed 1996-2015, 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test, follow-up (FU) of ≥36 months, known survival status. Exclusion criteria: clinically relevant adrenal hormone excess (i.e. Cushing’s syndrome, pheochromocytoma, primary hyperaldosteronism), known malignancy. Patient stratification: serum cortisol after dexamethasone (>5 µg/dl, ACS; 1.9-5 µg/dl, possible ACS (PACS); ≤1.8 µg/dl, non-functioning adenoma (NFA)). Definition of CV events (CVE): hospitalization due to myocardial infarction and related interventions (PTCA, surgical bypass), stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism. Results. 3640 patients (57% NFA, 36% PACS, 7% ACS) were considered eligible: 64% females; median age 61 years (range 18-91); median FU 84 months (36-277) (distribution between subgroups n.s.). 352 patients died during FU. Age- and sex adjusted overall survival was significantly reduced in patients with PACS (HR 1.55; 95%CI 1.24-1.94) and ACS (1.84; 1.29-2.61). Prevalence of CV risk factors were significantly higher in PACS and ACS than in NFA (hypertension: 72, 73, 57%, p<0.0001; dyslipidemia: 42, 49, 35%, p<0.0001; diabetes: 22, 25, 17%, p<0.0001) When adjusted to relevant confounders (i.e. age, sex, CV risk factors), time to first CVE was shorter in PACS (HR 1.36; 1.07-1.73) and ACS (HR 1.62; 1.10-2.40) compared to NFA. Conclusion. PACS and ACS are associated with increased overall mortality and CV morbidity. However, to prove causality a large randomized intervention trial is required.

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High prevalence of smoking in patients with adrenal incidentalomas: causality or case selection?

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-20-0033 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 183 (3) ◽

pp. 335-341

Author(s):

Henrik Olsen ◽

Albin Kjellbom ◽

Magnus Löndahl ◽

Ola Lindgren

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Adrenal Incidentaloma ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Adrenal Incidentalomas ◽

Current Smoking ◽

Established Risk Factor ◽

Case Selection ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Suppression Test ◽

Autonomous Cortisol Secretion

Objective: Autonomous cortisol secretion and possible autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS/pACS) are associated to an increase of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia. To our knowledge, the prevalence of smoking, another well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, has not been studied in detail in people with ACS/pACS or adrenal incidentalomas. Methods: Patients with adrenal incidentalomas were examined with the 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (cortisolONDST). Information about current smoking was collected from the patient’s records. Results: We studied 1044 patients, of whom 370 (35%) were current smokers. Of these, 22% had bilateral AI compared to 12% of the non-smokers (P < 0.001). Among patients with unilateral adrenal incidentalomas, smokers had larger adrenal incidentalomas than non-smokers (22 mm vs 19 mm, P < 0.001). Smokers also more often had cortisolONDST ≥50 nmol/L than non-smokers, 54% vs 40% (P < 0.001), a finding independent of the size of the adrenal incidentaloma in patients with unilateral adrenal incidentalomas. Conclusions: In the present study of patients with adrenal incidentalomas, the prevalence of current smoking was higher than in the general population. Furthermore, smokers had larger unilateral adrenal incidentalomas, more often bilateral adrenal incidentalomas, and more frequently ACS/pACS. Whether smoking is a risk factor for adrenal incidentalomas and ACS/pACS or our findings are due to case selection needs to be further studied.

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