Seamless integration of district heating (DH) and power systems implies their flexible operation, which extends their typical operational boundaries and, thus, affects performance of key components, such as plate heat exchangers (PHXs). Despite that the heat transfer in a PHX is regulated by mass flows, flexible operation and demand variations cause shifts in temperature levels, which affects the system operation and must be efficiently accounted for. In this paper, an overall heat transfer coefficient (OHTC) model with direct relation to temperature is proposed. The model is based on a linear approximation of thermophysical components of the forced convection coefficient (FCC). On one hand, it allows to account for temperature variations as compared to mass flow-based models, thus, improving accuracy. On the other hand, it does not involve iterative lookup of thermophysical properties and requires fewer inputs, hence, reducing computational effort. The proposed linear model is experimentally verified on a laboratory PHX against estimated correlations for FCC. A practical estimation procedure is proposed based on component data. Additionally, binding the correlation to one of varying parameters shows reduction in the heat transfer error. Finally, operational optimization test cases for a basic DH system demonstrate better performance of the proposed models as compared to those previously used.
Analysis and Comparison of Some Low-Temperature Heat Sources for Heat Pumps
