NEUROTRANSMITTER EFFECTS ON RELEASE OF PROLACTIN AND GROWTH HORMONE IN VITRO FROM PITUITARY GLANDS OF THE PIGEON, COLUMBA LIVIA

1982 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. HALL
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Vitro Release

Single pigeon anterior pituitary glands were incubated with or without a hypothalamus in media containing various drugs. Release of prolactin and growth hormone was quantified by an electrophoretic-densitometric method. The hypothalamus stimulated release of both prolactin and growth hormone from the pituitary gland. Dopamine did not affect hormone release from pituitary glands incubated alone, but inhibited hypothalamus-stimulated release of prolactin and augmented hypothalamus-stimulated release of growth hormone in a dose-related manner. The effects of dopamine were reversed by its antagonist, pimozide. Serotonin stimulated release of prolactin and inhibited release of growth hormone from pituitary–hypothalamus co-incubations, and these effects were blocked by its antagonist, methysergide. Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulated release of both hormones directly from pituitary glands incubated alone. Dopamine now inhibited TRH-stimulated release of prolactin, without affecting TRH-stimulated release of growth hormone. These results indicate that the neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin, affect the in-vitro release of factors from the hypothalamus which control the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone. In addition, dopamine may inhibit release of prolactin directly from the pituitary gland, but only when secretion of prolactin is high initially.

Age-related changes in prolactin and growth hormone release from pituitary glands in vitro

1985 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Hall ◽  
S. Harvey ◽  
A. Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pituitary Glands

Abstract. The basal release of prolactin from cockerel anterior pituitary glands in vitro declined between 1 and 7 weeks of age, to a level less than that released by pituitary glands from 18 week old (adult) cockerels and hens. Basal growth hormone (GH) release increased between 1 and 7 weeks of age but had declined in adults to a level similar to that released from 4 weeks old cockerels. The responsiveness of the pituitary gland to hypothalamic stimulation, using hypothalami from 8 week old broiler fowl, was also age-related. Prolactin release was considerably higher from pituitaries of 1 week old cockerels compared to the other age groups. Stimulation of GH release by the hypothalamus was higher from pituitaries of both 1 and 7 week old cockerels compared to the other groups of birds. The increase in release of prolactin following incubation with thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) declined between 1 and 7 weeks, but increased slightly in adult birds, whereas the increase in release of GH following TRH was higher from pituitaries of both 1 and 7 week old cockerels. Hypothalamic prolactin (Prl) releasing activity, measured as the ability of the hypothalamus to stimulate hormone release from 8 week old broiler fowl anterior pituitary glands, declined with the age of the donor cockerels. The hypothalami from adult hens secreted significantly more Prl releasing activity than did adult cockerel hypothalami. The secretion of GH releasing activity decreased markedly with the age of the donor bird. These results suggest that maturational patterns of hormone secretion in fowl are partly due to changes in autonomous hormone release, to changing patterns of hypothalamic activity and to differences in pituitary responsiveness to provocative stimuli.

Serotonin and acetylcholine affect the release of prolactin and growth hormone from pituitary glands of domestic fowl in vitro in the presence of hypothalamic tissue

1984 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Hall ◽  
S. Harvey ◽  
A. Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Cholinergic Drugs ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Hypothalamic Tissue

Abstract. Anterior pituitary glands from broiler fowl were incubated alone or with hypothalamic tissue in medium containing either serotonin or serotoninergic drugs, acetylcholine or cholinergic drugs, and the release of prolactin (Prl) and growth hormone (GH) measured by homologous radioimmunoassays. The neurotransmitters and drugs affected the release of hormones from the pituitary gland only when hypothalamic tissue was also present. Serotonin and its agonist quipazine stimulated the release of Prl and inhibited release of GH in a concentration-related manner. The antagonist methysergide blocked the effects of serotonin and quipazine on Prl. Acetylcholine and its agonist pilocarpine also stimulated release of Prl and inhibited release of GH in a concentration-related manner. Atropine blocked these responses. The results show that serotonin and acetylcholine affect pituitary hormone secretion by acting on the hypothalamus. They may stimulate the secretion of a Prl releasing hormone and somatostatin.

Inhibition by testosterone of prolactin and growth hormone release from chicken anterior pituitary glands in vitro

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Hall ◽  
S. Harvey ◽  
A. Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Growth Hormone Release ◽  
Prolactin Release ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Pituitary glands and hypothalami from broiler fowl were incubated in medium containing testosterone, and prolactin and GH release were determined. Pituitary glands were also preincubated for 20 h in medium containing testosterone, and then in medium containing various secretagogues. Testosterone inhibited the release of prolactin directly from the pituitary gland in a concentration-related manner. The hypothalamus stimulated the release of prolactin, but by a lesser amount in the presence of testosterone. When pituitary glands were preincubated with testosterone, subsequent release of prolactin was inhibited, except with the highest concentration which stimulated prolactin release. Hypothalamic extract (HE) markedly stimulated prolactin release from control pituitary glands although testosterone-primed glands were less responsive. The stimulation of prolactin release by thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was also reduced by preincubation of the pituitary glands with testosterone. Priming with testosterone did not affect the release of GH from pituitary glands alone, but reduced the TRH-, HE- and PGE2-stimulated release of GH. These results demonstrate that testosterone directly inhibits prolactin secretion and reduces the sensitivity of pituitary lactotrophs and somatotrophs to provocative stimuli. J. Endocr. (1984) 102, 153–159

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of growth hormone in the rat anterior pituitary gland. Stimulation of biosynthesis in vitro by insulin

1973 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 1103-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Betteridge ◽  
M. Wallis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Hormone Biosynthesis ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effect of insulin on the incorporation of radioactive leucine into growth hormone was investigated by using rat anterior pituitary glands incubated in vitro. A 50% stimulation over control values was observed at insulin concentrations above 2μm (280munits/ml). The effect was specific for growth hormone biosynthesis, over the range 1–5μm-insulin (140–700munits/ml). Lower more physiological concentrations had no significant effect in this system. Above 10μm (1.4 units/ml) total protein synthesis was also increased. The stimulation of growth hormone synthesis could be partially blocked by the addition of actinomycin D, suggesting that RNA synthesis was involved. Insulin was found to stimulate the rate of glucose utilization in a similar way to growth hormone synthesis. 2-Deoxyglucose and phloridzin, which both prevented insulin from stimulating glucose utilization, also prevented the effect of insulin on growth hormone synthesis. If glucose was replaced by fructose in the medium, the effect of insulin on growth hormone synthesis was decreased. We conclude that the rate of utilization of glucose may be an important step in mediating the effect of insulin on growth hormone synthesis.

Posttranscriptional regulation of rat growth hormone gene expression: increased message stability and nuclear polyadenylation accompany thyroid hormone depletion

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2624-2632
Author(s):  
D Murphy ◽  
K Pardy ◽  
V Seah ◽  
D Carter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Growth Hormone Gene ◽  
Gh Gene ◽  
Rat Growth ◽  
Pituitary Glands

In thyroid hormone-depleted rats, the rate of transcription of the growth hormone (GH) gene in the anterior pituitary gland is lower than the rate in euthyroid controls, and there is a corresponding reduction in the abundance of the GH mRNA. Concomitantly, the poly(A) tail of the GH mRNA increases in length. Examination of nuclear RNA from anterior pituitary glands of control and thyroid hormone-depleted rats revealed no difference in the length of pre-mRNAs containing the first and last introns of the GH gene. However, mature nuclear GH RNA is differentially polyadenylated in euthyroid and hypothyroid animals. We suggest that the extent of polyadenylation of the GH transcript is regulated in the cell nucleus concomitant with or subsequent to the splicing of the pre-mRNA. Experiments with anterior pituitary gland explant cultures demonstrated that the GH mRNA from thyroid hormone-depleted rats is more stable than its euthyroid counterpart and that the poly(A) tail may contribute to the differential stability of free GH ribonucleoproteins.

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