Differences in pathways contributing to thyroid hormone effects on postnatal cartilage calcification versus secondary ossification center development

The proximal and distal femur epiphysis of mice are both weight bearing structures derived from chondrocytes but differ in development. Mineralization at the distal epiphysis occurs in an osteoblast rich secondary ossification center (SOC), while the chondrocytes of the proximal femur head (FH) in particular, are directly mineralized. Thyroid hormone (TH) plays important roles in distal knee SOC formation, but whether TH also affects proximal FH development remains unexplored. Here, we found that TH controls chondrocyte maturation and mineralization at the FH in vivo through studies in Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (Tshr -/-) hypothyroid mice by X-ray, histology, transcriptional profiling, and immunofluorescence staining. Both in vivo, and in vitro studies conducted in ATDC5 chondrocyte progenitors concur that TH regulates expression of genes that modulate mineralization (Bsp, Ocn, Dmp1, Opn, and Alp). Our work also delineates differences in prominent transcription factor regulation of genes involved in the different mechanisms leading to proximal FH cartilage calcification and endochondral ossification at the distal femur. The information on the molecular pathways contributing to postnatal cartilage calcification can provide insights on therapeutic strategies to treat pathological calcification that occurs in soft tissues such as aorta, kidney, and articular cartilage.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF THYROID HORMONE (T4) IMMEDIATE RELEASE TABLETS

The aim of this research work is to formulate and evaluate Levothroxine sodium immediate release tablets prepared by direct compression method . Five formulations were evaluated for different pre and post compression parameter and in vitro drug release studies.The results of pre compression parameters of formluation 1 to 5 were compared with prescribed limits. It showed that formulation 1 to 5 powder blend exhibit good flow property and compressibility property. The disintegration time of all formulation was found to be in the range 2mins 09 secsto 4mins 03 secs.Thus, based on evaluation of different parameters it was concluded that formulation of immediate release tablet Levothyroxine sodium was successfully done and F-5 showed almost 93% drug release at 45 mins in Alkaline borate buffer( pH 10). Keywords: Thyroid hormone (T4), Immediate release tablets, Direct compression, Dissolution.

Thyroid Hormone Changes in the Northern Area of Tianjin during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Purpose. This study aimed to determine whether and how stress-induced thyroid hormone changes occur during the COVID-19 pandemic in the northern area of Tianjin. Methods. This study comprised two groups of study subjects in Tianjin: before (2019) and during (2020) the COVID-19 outbreak. Subjects were included if they had FT3, FT4, and TSH concentrations and thyroid TPOAb or TgAb information available. People who were pregnant, were lactating, or had mental illness were excluded. We used propensity score matching to form a cohort in which patients had similar baseline characteristics, and their anxiety level was measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA). Results. Among the 1395 eligible people, 224 in Group A and 224 in Group B had similar propensity scores and were included in the analyses. The detection rate of abnormal thyroid function was decreased in pandemic Group B (69.2% vs. 93.3%, χ2 = 42.725, p < 0.01 ), especially for hypothyroidism (14.29% vs. 35.71%, χ2 = 27.429, p < 0.01 ) and isolated thyroid-related antibodies (25.89% vs. 38.39%, χ2 = 8.023, p < 0.01 ). The level of FT4 (z = −2.821, p < 0.01 ) and HAMA score (7.63 ± 2.07 vs. 5.40 ± 1.65, t = 16.873, p < 0.01 ) went up in Group B; however, TSH (z = −5.238, p < 0.01 ), FT3 (z = −3.089, p = 0.002 ), TgAb (z = −11.814, p < 0.01 ), and TPOAb (z = −9.299, p < 0.01 ) were lower, and HAMA was positive with FT3 (r = 0.208, p < 0.01 ) and FT4 (r = 0.247, p < 0.01 ). Conclusion. People in the northern area of Tianjin during the COVID-19 outbreak were at an increased risk of higher FT4, lower FT3, and lower TSH. The HAMA scores increased in emergency situations and were positively correlated with the levels of FT3 and FT4.

Sex-specific effect of maternal thyroid hormone trajectories on preschoolers’ behavioral development: a birth cohort study

Context Maternal thyroid hormone trajectories are better predictor of offspring’s neurodevelopment than hormone levels in single trimester of pregnancy. Programming effect of uterine hormonal environment on offspring’s health is usually sex-specific. Objective To examine the sex-specific effect of thyroid hormone trajectories on preschoolers’ behavioral development. Design Based on Ma’ anshan Birth Cohort (MABC) in China, pregnant women were recruited at their first antenatal checkup from May 2013 to September 2014. Setting Ma’ anshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital in China. Patients or Other Participants 1860 mother-child pairs were included in the analysis. Children were followed up at age of 4. Main Outcome Measures Maternal thyroid hormones (TSH, FT4) and TPOAb in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy were retrospectively assayed. Preschoolers’ behavioral development was assessed by Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/1.5~5). Results Maternal TSH and FT4 levels were respectively fitted into high, moderate and low trajectories. In boys, maternal high TSH trajectory was related to withdrawn (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.50) and externalizing problems (OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.22, 5.92), and moderate TSH trajectory was associated with aggressive behavior (OR = 3.76, 95% CI: 1.16, 12.23). Maternal high FT4 trajectory was associated with anxious/depressed (OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.08, 4.56) and total problems (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.66), and low FT4 trajectory was associated with aggressive behavior (OR = 4.17, 95% CI: 1.22, 14.24). Conclusions Maternal thyroid hormone trajectories impact preschool boys’ behavioral development.

Criminal of Adverse Pregnant Outcomes: A Perspective From Thyroid Hormone Disturbance Caused by SARS-CoV-2

Nowadays, emerging evidence has shown adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, preeclampsia, cesarean, and perinatal death, occurring in pregnant women after getting infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Thyroid hormone disturbance has been unveiled consistently in various studies. As commonly known, thyroid hormone is vital for promoting pregnancy and optimal fetal growth and development. Even mild thyroid dysfunction can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. We explored and summarized possible mechanisms of thyroid hormone abnormality in pregnant women after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and made a scientific thypothesis that adverse pregnancy outcomes can be the result of thyroid hormone disorder during COVID-19. In which case, we accentuate the importance of thyroid hormone surveillance for COVID-19-infected pregnant women.