Epistemic Modal Logic, Universal Philosophical Epistemology, and Natural Theology: God's Omniscience as a Formal-Axiological Law of the Two-Valued Algebra of Metaphysics as Formal Axiology (Demonstrating the Law by “Computing” Relevant EvaluationFunctions)

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Vladimir О. Lobovikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Natural Theology ◽  
Epistemic Modal ◽  
The Law

scholarly journals A Conflict Tolerant Logic of Explicit Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-144
Author(s):  
Thomas Studer
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Justification Logic ◽  
Epistemic Modal ◽  
Epistemic Reasoning ◽  
Basic Properties

Standard epistemic modal logic is unable to adequately deal with the FrauchigerRenner paradox in quantum physics. We introduce a novel justification logic CTJ, in which the paradox can be formalized without leading to an inconsistency. Still CTJ is strong enough to model traditional epistemic reasoning. Our logic tolerates two different pieces of evidence such that one piece justifies a proposition and the other piece justifies the negation of that proposition. However, our logic disallows one piece of evidence to justify both a proposition and its negation. We present syntax and semantics for CTJ and discuss its basic properties. Then we give an example of epistemic reasoning in CTJ that illustrates how the different principles of CTJ interact. We continue with the formalization of the Frauchiger–Renner thought experiment and discuss it in detail. Further, we add a trust axiom to CTJ and again discuss epistemic reasoning and the paradox in this extended setting.

7. Deducing

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-88
Author(s):  
Timothy Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Modal Logic ◽  
Classical Logic ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
Disjunctive Syllogism ◽  
Philosophical Concept ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Excluded Middle

Detective work is an important tool in philosophy. ‘Deducing’ explains the difference between valid and sound arguments. An argument is valid if its premises are true but is only sound if the conclusion is true. The Greek philosophers identified disjunctive syllogism—the idea that if something is not one thing, it must be another. This relates to another philosophical concept, the ‘law of the excluded middle’. An abduction is a form of logical inference which attempts to find the most likely explanation. Modal logic, an extension of classical logic, is a popular branch of logic for philosophical arguments.

Nikolaus von Autrecourt über das erste Prinzip und die Gewißheit von Sätzen

Vivarium ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-420
Author(s):  
Andrej Krause
Keyword(s):  
Natural Theology ◽  
Valid Inference ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

AbstractNicholas of Autrecourt maintains in his second letter to Bernard of Arezzo that with the exception of the certitude of faith, there is no other certitude but the certitude of the law of non-contradiction, or the one that can be resolved to this law. The article examines this statement, which implies that natural theology is not possible. It comes to the conclusion that, in general, Nicholas in his letter seems to identify the relation "…can be resolved…" between two certain sentences with the relation "…follows from…". This identification leads to problems which are discussed. Further, Nicholas says that in every valid inference the consequent is identical with the antecedent or is part of it. This can be understood in two ways.

Ethical Challenges: Less About Moral Wrongdoing and More About Communication Breakdown

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Leslie ◽  
Mary Casper
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Thickened Liquids ◽  
Communication Breakdown ◽  
Professional Duty ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
The Law ◽  
Personal Case

“My patient refuses thickened liquids, should I discharge them from my caseload?” A version of this question appears at least weekly on the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's Community pages. People talk of respecting the patient's right to be non-compliant with speech-language pathology recommendations. We challenge use of the word “respect” and calling a patient “non-compliant” in the same sentence: does use of the latter term preclude the former? In this article we will share our reflections on why we are interested in these so called “ethical challenges” from a personal case level to what our professional duty requires of us. Our proposal is that the problems that we encounter are less to do with ethical or moral puzzles and usually due to inadequate communication. We will outline resources that clinicians may use to support their work from what seems to be a straightforward case to those that are mired in complexity. And we will tackle fears and facts regarding litigation and the law.

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