Climate Change Inaction and Meaning

Continuing growth, insofar as it increases human environmental impact, is in conflict with the environment. ‘Green growth’, if it increases the absolute size of the economy, is an oxymoron. Environmental limits are discountenanced, a pretence made possible because they are difficult to specify in advance. The consequent weakness in public discourse, both moral and intellectual, has worsened into contradiction as it has become ever more studiously unadmitted. It is obscured with language that is misleading or self-contradictory, and even issues from institutions that exist (and are relied upon) to respect correctness. At its most conforming it gives rise to overshoot, by which statements meant to sound authoritative are in fact open to ridicule. Such untruthfulness perpetuates climate change inaction, and in a kind of direct action those using such language, contrary to their public or professional duty, could be asked to justify themselves in plain English.

The dignity of burn patients: a qualitative descriptive study of nurses, family caregivers, and patients

Background As an ethical principle, showing respect for human dignity is a professional duty of all nurses. The aggressive nature of severe burn injuries makes it hard to respect the existential values and dignity of burn patients. However, only a few studies have been conducted on the preservation of the dignity of burn patients. The purpose of this study is to identify and describe burn patients’ dignity as perceived by nurses, family caregivers, and burn patients. Methods The present study has a descriptive, qualitative research design. Nurses, family caregivers and patients in the biggest burns hospital in the south of Iran were selected via purposeful sampling from October 2017 to August 2018 (n = 25). Data were collected using semi-structured, in-depth, individual interviews. Thereafter, data analysis was performed through conventional content analysis. Results Three main themes were extracted from the information obtained in the interviews: empathic communication, showing respect, and providing comprehensive support. Conclusion The care provided to burn patients should be combined with effective communication, spending time with them, and attending to their repetitive requests, so that they can freely express their feelings and concerns. In addition, the patients’ human values and beliefs should be respected and all aspects of their existence should be taken into account to preserve their dignity. Workshops designed based on the findings of the present study can help with improving the quality of burn nursing care.

VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF FUTURE LAWYERS IN THE PROCESS OF PROFESSIONAL FORMATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL

Проанализированы результаты эмпирического исследования ценностных ориентаций будущих юристов в процессе получения высшего образования. Рассмотрена динамика профессионального становления личности на разных этапах обучения. Использовался Ценностный опросник Шварца. Применение Н-критерия Краскела - Уоллиса позволило выявить значимые различия между исследуемыми группами. В ходе исследования были выявлены статистически значимые различия по шкале «Универсализм», что свидетельствует о том, что выбор респондентами профессии юриста не был случаен. При интерпретации различий полученных данных можно сделать вывод о том, что за близкими количественными показателями по первому и четвертому курсам скрывается разное содержание. Выявленные на уровне тенденции показатели по шкалам «Самостоятельность», «Стимуляция», «Безопасность» и «Власть» свидетельствуют о наличии психологических предпосылок для внутреннего напряжения между профессиональным долгом и стремлением к ценностям, включенным в эти шкалы, совокупный эффект от которого может оказаться весьма ощутимым. The results of an empirical research of the value orientations of future lawyers in the process of obtaining higher education are analyzed. The dynamics of the professional formation of a person at different stages of training is considered. The Schwartz Value Questionnaire was used. The application of the Kruskal-Wallis H-test revealed significant differences between the studied groups. The study revealed statistically significant differences on the «Universalism» scale, which indicates that the respondents' choice of the legal profession was not accidental. When interpreting the differences in the data obtained, it can be concluded that similar quantitative indicators for the first and fourth courses hide different content. The indicators identified at the trend level on the scales «Independence», «Stimulation», «Security» and «Power» indicate the presence of psychological prerequisites for internal tension between professional duty and the desire for values included in these scales, the cumulative effect of which can be very noticeable.

George the Chemist

The present paper is an attempt to answer Bernard Williams' classical dilemma of George the chemist, who is asked by a senior colleague to partake in a CBW research program. Both George and the colleague oppose the research, and George is advised not to publicize his attitude for George to get the job instead of someone more eager. On the one hand, George does not want to be involved in the research, yet on the other hand, he does not want to allow it to be completed faster. The author views George's potential actions as sabotage and argues that since the existing ethical codes demand putting safety ahead of the pressures of the employers, sabotage should not be out of the question. CBW endangers entire communities, and thus secretly sabotaging its research amounts to disaster prevention and should be considered a professional duty by consequentialists and deontologists alike, even if it may involve deception and furthermore deception about deception.

2. Funding Litigation

This chapter discusses the issue of funding litigation. Solicitors have a professional duty to advise clients on litigation funding options. The advice and agreed funding method should be confirmed in writing in a ‘client care letter’. Most commercial clients pay their lawyers under the traditional retainer, normally with an agreed hourly rate. Conditional free agreements (CFAs) or ‘no win, no fee’ agreements allow a lawyer to agree not to charge the client if the proceedings are unsuccessful, but to charge an uplift or ‘success fee’ of up to 100 per cent over the solicitor’s usual costs if the proceedings are successful. Damages-based agreements (DBAs) are a form of contingency fee agreement under which the lawyer is paid out of the sums recovered in the proceedings. Public funding through legal aid is restricted to individuals with modest income and capital, and there are wide exclusions from the scheme.

Polish army soldier and scientist – Stanisław Ossowski

The article reminds Stanisław Ossowski, an outstanding sociologist and political scientist, a representative of the Lviv-Warsaw school, and a brave soldier. The author focuses her attention on two problems selected from his work: on man as an ethical subject and on opportunities and threats in shaping individual and collective social personalities. Stanisław Ossowski regarded disobedience in thinking, faithfulness to the truth, and intellectual honesty as the professional duty of a scientist, especially a humanist, who studies ideas and value systems. He justified the theory of mutual conditioning of the social structure-personality. He studied the impact of decisions of senior government officials on the dynamics of human behaviour and the development of human polymorphism.

Professionalism, agency, and market failures

ABSTRACT: According to the Market Failures Approach to business ethics, beyond-compliance duties can be derived by employing the same rationale and arguments that justify state regulation of economic conduct. Very roughly the idea is that managers have a duty to behave as if they were complying with an ideal regulatory regime ensuring Pareto-optimal market outcomes. Proponents of the approach argue that managers have a professional duty not to undermine the institutional setting that defines their role, namely the competitive market. This answer is inadequate, however, for it is the hierarchical firm, rather than the competitive market, that defines the role of corporate managers and shapes their professional obligations. Thus, if the obligations that the market failures approach generates are to apply to managers, they must do so in an indirect way. I suggest that the obligations the market failures approach generates directly apply to shareholders. Managers, in turn, inherit these obligations as part of their duties as loyal agents. <div><br><div>KEY WORDS: market failures approach; professionalism; professional ethics; agency ethics; Joseph Heath; Kenneth Goodpaster.</div></div>

Professionalism, agency, and market failures

ABSTRACT: According to the Market Failures Approach to business ethics, beyond-compliance duties can be derived by employing the same rationale and arguments that justify state regulation of economic conduct. Very roughly the idea is that managers have a duty to behave as if they were complying with an ideal regulatory regime ensuring Pareto-optimal market outcomes. Proponents of the approach argue that managers have a professional duty not to undermine the institutional setting that defines their role, namely the competitive market. This answer is inadequate, however, for it is the hierarchical firm, rather than the competitive market, that defines the role of corporate managers and shapes their professional obligations. Thus, if the obligations that the market failures approach generates are to apply to managers, they must do so in an indirect way. I suggest that the obligations the market failures approach generates directly apply to shareholders. Managers, in turn, inherit these obligations as part of their duties as loyal agents. <div><br><div>KEY WORDS: market failures approach; professionalism; professional ethics; agency ethics; Joseph Heath; Kenneth Goodpaster.</div></div>

EXPRESS: Academic labour as professional service work? A psychosocial analysis of emotion in lecturer-student relations under marketization

The marketization of higher education entails a radical reshaping of the educational relationship as one in which the lecturer is recast as a professional service worker, implicitly or explicitly tasked with ensuring the satisfaction of fee-paying students as sovereign consumers. What does an organizational discourse of high customer satisfaction mean for the emotional experiences of lecturers on the frontline? In this article, we conduct a psychosocial analysis of academics’ experiences of interacting with students in a marketized higher education context. We illustrate how institutional imperatives readily align with lecturers’ internalised professional duty of care for students who are discursively constructed as highly anxious and vulnerable. At the same time, changing power differentials wrought by marketization heighten the likelihood of emotional responses in the relationship that are intense, spontaneous, and sometimes involuntary – and thus appear replete with unconscious meanings. Informed by Freudian psychoanalysis, we illustrate how academics enact various defence mechanisms in response to unconscious feelings of dependence, subordination, vulnerability and resentment of the student as an authority figure. We conclude that organisational imperatives to ‘corporately care’ for students have the unintended consequence of generating acute ambivalence that drastically intensifies the psychological demands on teaching staff.

Pedagogical Features of the Formation of Pedagogical Ethics in Future Teachers

The article is devoted to the formation of pedagogical ethics in future teachers and the study of the problems of pedagogical characteristics. It is imperative to pay attention to the knowledge of future teachers because mastering the system of competent reading in higher education is their social and professional duty. Therefore, future teachers need to know the rules and requirements of pedagogical ethics. Because mastering the etiquette of a teacher: professional ethics of future teachers — the formation of knowledge, skills and competencies in the ethics of a teacher; guide, regulate and monitor the coach’s relationship with children, colleagues and parents in the educational process; to learn the norms that must be adhered to in ethical relations between the participants in the pedagogical process, to understand the need for their assimilation; serves to increase the spiritual and moral level of future teachers. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in the substantiation of the need for optimal coordination of the priorities of professional development, the need for their competent implementation.