scholarly journals Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission: from the first stages to the possibility of elimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Olga L. Mozalyova ◽  
Anna V. Samarina
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Mother To Child

Despite the success in reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission rate worldwide, the problem of perinatal HIV transmission is still relevant. Sexual activity nowadays is the predominant way of transmission, therefore the number of HIV cases among women growths. This leads to an increased number of pregnancies and childbirth in HIV-infected women. Better preventive treatment has decreased the transmission risk to 1% or less. Despite this, the Russian Federation is still not among the countries where the elimination of mother-to-child transmission has been recorded. This review article focuses on the main stages of mother-to-child transmission prevention from the time that no antiretroviral therapy was available to the current stage, when highly active antiretroviral therapy is used during pregnancy, childbirth and for the treatment of newborns. The research provides a comparative analysis of modern national and international clinical recommendations for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of option B highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) in pregnant HIV women

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erastus K Ngemu ◽  
Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa ◽  
Eliningaya J Kweka ◽  
Joseph K Choge ◽  
Edward Anino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Hiv Women ◽  
Mother To Child

scholarly journals Advances and Failures in Preventing Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Buchanan ◽  
Coleen K. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Elective Cesarean Section ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Mother To Child

SUMMARY An estimated 2.5 million children are currently living with HIV, the vast majority as a result of mother-to-child transmission. Prevention of perinatal HIV infection has been immensely successful in developed countries. A comprehensive package of services, including maternal and infant antiretroviral therapy, elective cesarean section, and avoidance of breast-feeding, has resulted in transmission rates of less than 2%. However, in developing countries, access to such services is often not available, as demonstrated by the fact that the vast majority of children with HIV live in Africa. Over the past few years, many developing nations have made great strides in improving access to much-needed services. Notably, in eastern and southern Africa, the regions most affected by HIV, mother-to-child-transmission coverage rates for HIV-positive women increased from 11% in 2004 to 31% in 2006. These successes are deserving of recognition, while not losing sight of the fact that much remains to be done; currently, an estimated 75% of pregnant women worldwide have an unmet need for antiretroviral therapy. Further work is needed to determine the optimal strategy for reducing perinatal transmission among women in resource-poor settings, with a particular need for reduction of transmission via breast-feeding.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of HIV Infection Among HIV-Exposed Infants, Nairobi County, Kenya, 2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117863372094886
Author(s):  
Anthony B Kiplagat ◽  
Carol Ngunu ◽  
Elvis Oyugi ◽  
James Ransom
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Public Health Action ◽  
Hiv Exposed Infants ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Mother To Child

Objective: To characterize human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive infants among HIV-exposed infants (HEIs) in Nairobi County for public health action. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of records of HEIs’ HIV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results in Nairobi County in 2015, excluding confirmatory PCR-positive results. HIV-exposed infant registry data were entered into Microsoft Excel and descriptive and associative statistics were calculated with OpenEpi software. Results: A total of 5802 HEI records were analyzed, with a median age of 4.5 (interquartile range, 8.5) months; 342 (5.9%) tested positive, 51% were female, and 4420 (76.2%) were seen at maternal and child health clinics. Standard highly active antiretroviral therapy intervention was given to 184 (60.3%) of the mothers of exposed infants, and 178 (53%) of the HIV-positive infants received active antiretroviral therapy. A total of 3464 (59.7%) HEIs had PCR done within the first 2 months, and 119 (3.4%) tested positive. The average turnaround time for PCR samples was 28 ± 22 days, and a total of 191 (3.3%) HIV-positive HEIs were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life. Conclusion: The recorded mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate of 5.9% in Nairobi County is lower than the 2015 national rate, which suggests the Nairobi prevention of mother-to-child transmission efforts are moderately effective. However, results from this study show that Kenya will struggle to meet the MTCT 2020 target rate of <5%.

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