scholarly journals The Trade-off between Bank Concentration and Competition on Financial Stability within the East African Community

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moses Nzuki Nyangu ◽  
Nyankomo Marwa ◽  
Ashenafi Fanta ◽  
Elinami Minja
Keyword(s):  
Default Risk ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
East African ◽  
Bank Stability ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
East African Community ◽  
African Community ◽  
Bank Concentration

Abstract This paper examines bank concentration, competition, and financial stability nexus across five emerging countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda & Burundi) within the East African Community (EAC). The methodological approach applied provides a critical and original contribution to the existing literature by testing the various theories explaining the relationships between bank concentration, competition, and stability. A two-step system Generalised Methods of Moments (GMM), is employed on a sample of 149 banks with 1,805 annual observations over the period 2001–2018. The findings reveal that high concentration and low competition lead to more financial stability and less probability of bank default risk. In addition, a non-linear relationship between competition and stability is not observed, revealing that greater competition undermines bank stability and makes banks more vulnerable to default risk. The findings thus lend to support the concentration-stability hypothesis that greater market power leads to more bank stability even after controlling for bank-specific, industry, and macroeconomic variables. The findings provide a significant policy contribution on the trade-off between bank concentration and competition, and the evaluation of financial stability.

Dominatarian Theory of Regional Integration

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-94
Author(s):  
Francis Onditi
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Social Force ◽  
East African ◽  
East African Community ◽  
African Community ◽  
African Context ◽  
Main Components

In this article an alternative thinking and methodological approach for the study of regional integration is proposed, addressing the limitations of classical regional integration theories and the new regionalism approach. A ‘dominatarian’ theory is introduced as an alternative analytical framework that exposes meanings attributed to a social force called ‘personness’, and how regions could be (re)constructed through this anthropocentric lens. The East African Community (EAC, henceforth referred to as the Jumuiya) is chosen as a tour de force for regional integration theories. The triadal analysis of the three main components of classical regional integration theories—economy, institutions and politics—reveals the deficiency of these frameworks in explaining the role of ‘personness’ in regional integration processes, especially within the African context. Consequently, the phrase ‘contextual misfitability’ has been coined to describe this condition. The article concludes with a reflection on how meanings are created and re-created from the Darwinian ontologies of natural sciences into social science regimes and its application to regional integration studies.

scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of the Pharmacovigilance Systems within the Neglected Tropical Diseases Programs in East Africa—Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1941
Author(s):  
Abbie Barry ◽  
Sten Olsson ◽  
Christabel Khaemba ◽  
Joseph Kabatende ◽  
Tigist Dires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Pharmacovigilance System ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
East African ◽  
East African Community ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
African Community

Monitoring the safety of medicines used in public health programs (PHPs), including the neglected tropical diseases (NTD) program, is a WHO recommendation, and requires a well-established and robust pharmacovigilance system. The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacovigilance systems within the NTD programs in Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania. The East African Community Harmonized Pharmacovigilance Indicators tool for PHPs was used to interview the staff of the national NTD programs. Data on four components, (i) systems, structures, and stakeholder coordination; (ii) data management and signal generation; (iii) risk assessment and evaluation; and (iv) risk management and communication, were collected and analyzed. The NTD programs in the four countries had a strategic master plan, with pharmacovigilance components and mechanisms to disseminate pharmacovigilance information. However, zero individual case safety reports were received in the last 12 months (2017/2018). There was either limited or no collaboration between the NTD programs and their respective national pharmacovigilance centers. None of the NTD programs had a specific budget for pharmacovigilance. The NTD program in all four countries had some safety monitoring elements. However, key elements, such as the reporting of adverse events, collaboration with national pharmacovigilance centers, and budget for pharmacovigilance activity, were limited/missing.

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