The Emergence of the African Continental Free Trade Area and the State of the Nigerian Power Sector: A Dream or Nightmare for Nigerian Businesses?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
AbdulGaniyu Mustapha
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Trade Area

A Legal Analysis of the Free Trade Agreement of 1975 between the European Community and the State of Israel

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphna Kapeliuk-Klinger
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Equivalent Effect ◽  
State Of Israel

On January 1, 1989, the State of Israel abolished the remaining customs duties and charges, having equivalent effect on imported products originating in the European Communities (hereinafter the Community), in accordance with the Free Trade Agreement (hereinafter the FT Agreement) concluded on May 11, 1975, between the Community and Israel.The FT Agreement, which sets out to create a free trade area in the territories of the contracting parties, was the result of the previously existing relationship between the Community and Israel, as well as the emergence of the Global Mediterranean Policy within the Community. The FT Agreement attempts to foster economic activity by promoting expansion of trade and cooperation in reciprocal areas of interest, thus creating fair competition and contributing to the development and expansion of world trade.

scholarly journals History of creation of the free trade area between Ukraine and Israel

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
Serhii Davydchuk
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Free Trade Zone ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Important Trade Partner ◽  
State Of Israel

An important aspect of Ukraine-Israel relations – the history of the creation of a free trade zone between the two states is revealed in the article. Based on materials from current archives and open source data, the dynamic work process of preparation for signing the corresponding interstate agreement, its ratification by the parliaments of the countries is shown. It was found that it is a voluminous and labor-intensive process that requires consideration of the interests of the national economies of the two states; the creation of a free trade area has been the subject of many bilateral negotiations. Even the ratification of the agreement by the parliaments of the states for some objective reasons did not become a quick process. The national interests of the parties are taken into account in the relevant interstate document. Economic connections have always been an important and promising component of Ukrainian-Israeli relations. However, the parties have repeatedly pointed to the unsatisfactory level of economic relations. The interstate agreement on the establishment of a free trade zone between Ukraine and the State of Israel has its pros and cons, but in general we can talk about a significant improvement in many indicators that it can potentially bring. Although the process of creating a free trade area is incomplete, its study all the same is important in view of the importance of creating such a zone for both foreign economic relations of Ukraine and Israel and for development of friendly bilateral relations between them in general. While the agreement is not implemented, we have to be satisfied with the positive dynamics of economic relations, which is reflected in statistical indicators. They testify that the State of Israel is a very important trade partner of Ukraine in the Middle East. The Free trade area should bring beneficial results to Ukraine and Israel.

Recent Developments in the Regulation of Investor-State Dispute Resolution: Any Lessons for the Southern African Development Community?

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 180-204
Author(s):  
Lawrence Ngobeni ◽  
Babatunde Fagbayibo
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Southern African Development Community ◽  
African Union ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
African Development ◽  
Trade Area ◽  
Recent Developments

Abstract In 2016, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) amended Annex 1 of the SADC Protocol on Finance and Investment (FIP) in order to remove investor access to international arbitration or Investor-State Dispute Resolution (ISDS). The recent formation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Free Trade Agreement (T-FTA) are factors that will likely curtail SADC’s ability to regulate foreign investments. Both AfCFTA and T-FTA are supposed to have their own investment protocols. This means that SADC faces the loss of regulatory authority over foreign investments. The recent formation of the Pan African Investment Code (PAIC) has shown that some African Union (AU) Member States want to provide ISDS for their investors, while others including SADC Members States do not. This article intends to evaluate the lessons SADC can learn from other jurisdictions in terms of the effective regulation of ISDS.

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