Skin Tests in the Diagnosis of Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
pp. 2778-2791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Brockow ◽  
Antonino Romano
Keyword(s):  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

Early Biomarkers for Severe Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (36) ◽  
pp. 3829-3839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Ariza ◽  
Maria J. Torres ◽  
Carmen Moreno-Aguilar ◽  
Rubén Fernández-Santamaría ◽  
Tahia D. Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Early Biomarkers ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Delayed Reactions

Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are typically classified into immediate and delayed reactions based on the time interval between drug exposure and onset of symptoms. Clinical manifestations range from mild to severe and life-threatening reactions. The most severe clinical entities are anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock for immediate reactions, and severe cutaneous adverse reactions such as Steven Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis for delayed reactions. The diagnosis is complex and challenging, as drug provocation tests and even skin tests can be very risky procedures, which makes them not recommended. Therefore, it is necessary to search for useful early biomarkers to manage the diagnosis of these reactions. These biomarkers could be useful to determine the clinical entity, but not to identify the culprit drug. Some of the currently available biomarkers are few genetic associations of drug allergy with polymorphisms of human leukocyte antigen (HLA), the detection of inflammatory and lipid mediators in serum, or the detection of cytokines, chemokines, and cytotoxic markers in skin biopsies. In this literature review, it has been summarize the immunological mechanisms involved in severe reactions, both immediate and delayed, and different early biomarkers: those currently used for the diagnosis of these reactions as well as possible early biomarkers that could be useful with further studies to standardize their clinical use.

scholarly journals Converter Phenotype: A New Profile That Is Not Exclusive to Taxanes

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodorikez Wilfox Jimenez-Rodriguez ◽  
Francisco Manuel Marco de la Calle ◽  
Inmaculada Lozano-Cubo ◽  
Rosa Ana Montoyo-Anton ◽  
Victor Soriano-Gomis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Immediate Hypersensitivity ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Median Interval

Introduction: Phenotype I hypersensitivity reactions are the most commonly reported drug reactions; however, precision medicine has made it possible to characterize new phenotypes. A recent communication proposed the existence of a “converter phenotype,” which would affect patients who present non-immediate hypersensitivity reactions and in subsequent exposures develop immediate hypersensitivity reactions. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of converter phenotype reactions and their evolution during desensitization to chemotherapeutic drugs and monoclonal antibodies.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our database of patients undergoing desensitization to chemotherapy or biological agents and selected those with a converter phenotype. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, the results of skin tests, tryptase and IL-6 levels, and desensitization outcomes were assessed.Results: Of 116 patients evaluated, 12 (10.3%) were identified as having a converter phenotype. The median interval between drug exposure and reaction was 90.6 h (range 8-288 h). After the conversion, phenotype I was the most frequent (58.3%), followed by cytokine release reactions (33.3%). Fifty-one desensitizations were undertaken and all treatments completed, with 10 (19.6%) breakthrough reactions. No new changes in the phenotype were detected.Conclusions: The symptoms of non-immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions may indicate the need for an early allergological evaluation to assess the risk of future immediate drug reactions. Clinical characteristics, skin test results, and biomarkers can help predict responses to rapid drug desensitization, guiding clinicians on how to optimize therapy delivery while maintaining patient safety.

scholarly journals Diagnosing and Managing Patients with Reactions to Radiocontrast Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-221
Author(s):  
Knut Brockow
Keyword(s):  
Skin Testing ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Provocation Tests ◽  
Ring Molecules ◽  
Allergic Skin ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Drug Provocation Tests

Abstract Purpose of the review Iodinated radio contrast media (RCM) belong to the most common elicitors of drug hypersensitivity reactions (HR). Urticaria or anaphylaxis may occur ≤ 1(−6) hour(s) (immediate HR) and exanthems (non-immediate HR) develop > 6 h after application of RCM. Evidence for an immunologic mechanism of RCM HR against the different RCM benzene ring molecules and the benefit of allergological testing in patients with previous hypersensitivity reactions is progressively increasing. Recent findings Positive skin tests can confirm allergy in patients with previous reactions to RCM and help to select alternative better tolerated RCMs. Severe hypersensitivity reactions are mainly caused by an allergic mechanism, whereas the majority of non-severe reactions appear to be non-allergic. Skin testing is highly recommended to help identify allergic hypersensitivity reactions and to select alternatives. Using structurally different RCM is more effective than premedication for the prevention of future reactions. Drug provocation tests to RCM have been increasingly used, but are not yet standardized among different centers. Summary In patients with previous severe hypersensitivity reactions to RCM, skin testing is recommended. For future RCM-enhanced examinations in patients with previous reactions, structurally different, skin test-negative preparations should be applied. Drug provocation tests do confirm or exclude RCM hypersensitivity or may demonstrate tolerability of alternative RCMs.

Skin testing and drug challenge in the evaluation of drug hypersensitivity reactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna R. Wolfson ◽  
Aleena Banerji
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Causative Drug ◽  
Care Assessment ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Drug Challenge ◽  
Drug Challenges

Immediate hypersensitivity to drugs is characterized by symptoms such as hives, swelling, and wheezing. To prevent a negative impact on care, assessment by an allergist is important. Evaluation requires a clear clinical history, but it is often lacking or vague, which makes a diagnosis difficult. Allergists instead can use skin testing and drug challenge to evaluate drug hypersensitivity reactions, which help the patient and provider understand the causative drug(s) and, more importantly, enables the use of the exonerated drug(s). Although penicillin skin testing is standardized, well described, and widely used, skin testing for most other drugs requires the use of a nonirritating skin testing concentration that can have a low negative predictive value. Drug challenges are the criterion standard for confirming tolerance. The allergist must obtain an in-depth clinical history and then follow with skin testing and/or drug challenges when indicated to determine which drugs can be de-labelled and which should be avoided. In this review, we focused on the evaluation of drug hypersensitivity reactions to antibiotics, perioperative agents, biologics, and chemotherapeutics.

Clinical Phenotypes of Severe Cutaneous Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (36) ◽  
pp. 3840-3854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Guvenir ◽  
Tugba Arikoglu ◽  
Emine Vezir ◽  
Emine Dibek Misirlioglu
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Stevens Johnson Syndrome ◽  
Facial Oedema ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Cutaneous Manifestations ◽  
Clinical Phenotypes ◽  
Drug Eruptions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

Drug hypersensitivity reactions are clinically heterogenous ranging from mild to severe. Most drug hypersensitivity reactions are accompanied by cutaneous manifestations. Fever, mucous membrane involvement, large blisters, facial oedema, pustulosis and visceral involvement are clinical features that lead to suspicion of severe adverse drug reactions. Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs) include Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug rash eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Serum sickness like reactions, drug induced vasculitis and generalized bullous fixed drug eruptions are less severe clinical entities. SCARs are uncommon but associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Physician should be aware of specific red flags and danger signs to immediately identify these reactions. Immediate drug withdrawal is mandatory. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment significantly affect the prognosis of the disease. The purpose of our review is to discuss clinical phenotypes of severe cutaneous drug hypersensitivity reactions.

Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions: Pathomechanism and Clinical Symptoms

2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner J. Pichler ◽  
Jaqueline Adam ◽  
Barbara Daubner ◽  
Thomas Gentinetta ◽  
Monika Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF MEDICALLY INDUCED SKIN REACTIONS BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF REPORTS OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA (FROM 2009 TO 2016)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Matveev ◽  
А. E. Krasheninnikov ◽  
E. A. Egorova ◽  
Е. I. Konyaeva
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Report Cards ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
The Republic

Drug hypersensitivity reactions are among the most important problems that arise when using drugs. The occurrence of such reactions in the population is at least 7% and tends to a constant increase. The most frequent manifestations of drug hypersensitivity reactions are medically induced skin lesions.The aimof this research was to study and analyze the cases of development of skin drug reactions on the basis of the reports on the adverse reactions (ADRs) of the drugs, registered in the Republic of Crimea in the period from 2009 to 2016.Materials and methods.The objects of the research were report cards about the adverse reactions, registered in the regional base (registry) of spontaneous messages called ARCADe (Adverse Reactions in Crimea, Autonomic Database) for the period from 2009 to 2016. During the analysis of the report cards, 2,698 cases of the development of skin drug reactions arising in response to the use of drugs in patients were selected. The study of the frequency of occurrence of skin drug reactions in the application of various groups of drugs was carried out taking into account the codes of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Сlassification System of drugs of the World Health Organization (WHO).Results.Of the study showed that the development of skin drug reactions was most often associated with the use of antimicrobial agents for internal use, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), drugs for the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and agents that affect the nervous system. Among the clinical manifestations of skin drug reactions, generalized and localized rashes prevailed, and itching and hyperemia of the skin were much less common in patients. The analysis of age categories showed that the most frequently medically induced reactions occurred in children from birth to 3 years, as well as in the age group of patients from 46 to 60 years. The risk factors identified in the course of the analysis, were female gender, early childhood and old age, as well as the presence of aggravated drug allergy history.Conclusion.Drug hypersensitivity reactions create certain difficulties in clinical practice related to the diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis, and may also cause danger to health or life of patients. In this connection, the study of such adverse reactions is the most important task of practical health care and requires direct participation of doctors of all specialties.

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