Pseudomemory Responding in Hypnotic, Task-Motivated and Simulating Subjects: Memory Distortion or Reporting Bias?

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Spanos ◽  
Ewy Bures
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Reporting Bias ◽  
Memory Distortion ◽  
Hidden Observer

Hypnotic, task-motivated and simulating subjects were administered a suggestion for a false memory (hearing noises) while “reliving” the events of an earlier night. Simulators reported the suggested noises more frequently than hypnotic subjects, and subjects in the three conditions failed to differ in endorsing the noises as real after termination of the “reliving” procedure. Subjects in the three conditions were also equally likely to reverse their pseudomemory reports following hidden observer instructions. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that pseudomemory responding in this paradigm reflects reporting bias rather than memory distortion.

Negotiating False Memories: Interviewer and Rememberer Characteristics Relate to Memory Distortion

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 507-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Porter ◽  
Angela R. Birt ◽  
John C. Yuille ◽  
Darrin R. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
False Memory ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Memory Distortion ◽  
Dissociative Experiences Scale ◽  
Dissociative Experiences ◽  
Social Negotiation ◽  
Childhood Event ◽  
Neo Five Factor Inventory ◽  
Animal Attack

In a recent study, more than half of the participants were led to create a partial or complete false memory for an emotional childhood event (e.g., serious animal attack). Using a subsample from that study, we examined the hypothesis that memory distortion is related to characteristics of interviewers and rememberers. The relations between susceptibility to memory distortion and (a) dissociation (Dissociative Experiences Scale) and (b) personality traits (NEO-Five Factor Inventory) were investigated. Results indicated that participants who exhibited memory distortion scored significantly higher on the dissociative scale than their counterparts who did not exhibit memory distortion. Further, susceptibility to memory distortion was associated with higher extraversion scores in interviewers and lower extraversion scores in participants. This pattern of findings suggests that false memories may derive from a social negotiation between particular interviewers and rememberers.

scholarly journals 0116 Opposing Effects of Sleep on The Misinformation Effect: Sleep Promotes and Prevents Memory Distortion

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A46-A46
Author(s):  
A J Day ◽  
K M Fenn
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Correct Recognition ◽  
Short Film ◽  
Misinformation Effect ◽  
Memory Distortion ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Opposing Effects

Abstract Introduction The effect of sleep on false memory is equivocal. In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott illusory memory paradigm, some work shows that sleep increases false recall whereas other work shows that sleep decreases false recognition. Given these ambiguous findings, we sought to investigate the effect of sleep on false memory using the misinformation paradigm. Methods Participants watched a short film depicting a home burglary, received misinformation about the film, and were tested on their memory for the film. The recognition test was given after a 12-hour retention interval that included either sleep or wake. We manipulated the time at which participants received misinformation. Half were given misinformation after encoding (before sleep or wake) and the other half were given misinformation after the retention interval (after sleep or wake). Results There was a main effect of condition on correct recognition; participants in the sleep group showed higher correct recognition than those in the wake group. On false memory, there was a main effect of timing of misinformation and an interaction between condition and timing of misinformation. That is, the effect of sleep on false memory depended on when misinformation was administered. If misinformation was given after the retention interval, false memory tended to be lower after sleep than wake whereas if misinformation was given before the retention interval, false memory tended to be higher after sleep than wake. Conclusion Sleep can both protect against and facilitate memory distortion depending on when misinformation is encountered. These results inform our understanding of consolidation processes. When consolidation acts on true memory alone, it strengthens that memory making it resistant to distortion. Conversely, when misinformation is presented before consolidation, sleep may integrate misinformation into memory for the true event, increasing distortion. This work has important theoretical implications for memory consolidation and important applied implications for interrogation practices. Support N/A

scholarly journals Statistical Learning as a Reference Point for Memory Distortions: Swap and Shift Errors

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. Scotti ◽  
Yoolim Hong ◽  
Julie Golomb ◽  
Andrew B. Leber
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Memory Item ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Distortion ◽  
Term Memory

Humans use regularities in the environment to facilitate learning, often without awareness or intent. How might such regularities distort long-term memory? Here, participants studied and reported the colors of objects in a long-term memory paradigm, unaware that certain colors were sampled more frequently overall. When participants misreported an object’s color, these errors were often centered around the average studied color. We found that these swap errors reflected both false memory (where objects were misremembered as the average studied color) as well as biased guessing (where participants reported the average studied color when uncertain). Although less robust than swap errors, evidence was also observed for subtle shift errors towards or away from the average color dependent on the color distance between the memory item and the average studied color. These findings provide converging evidence for memory distortion mechanisms induced by a reference point, bridging a gap between visual working memory and visual long-term memory literature.

Effects of Related and Unrelated Stories on False Memory Recall

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Kaye Davis ◽  
Aimee Harris ◽  
Brian Garner
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Memory Recall
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