main effect
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Author(s):  
Julie Vaisarova ◽  
Arthur J. Reynolds

AbstractAlthough research suggests that the use of child-initiated vs. teacher-directed instructional practices in early childhood education has implications for learning and development, the precise nature of these effects remains unclear. Using data from the Midwest Child-Parent Center (CPC) Expansion Project, the present study examined the possibility that a blend of child- and teacher-directed practices best promotes school readiness among preschoolers experiencing high levels of sociodemographic risk and explored whether the optimal blend varies based on child characteristics. Sixty-two CPC preschool teachers reported their instructional practices throughout the year, using a newly developed questionnaire—the Classroom Activity Report (CAR). The average reported proportion of child-initiated instruction was examined in relation to students’ end-of-year performance on a routine school readiness assessment (N = 1289). Although there was no main effect of child-initiated instruction on school readiness, there was a significant interaction between instruction and student age. Four-year-olds’ school readiness generally improved as the proportion of child-initiated time increased, while 3-year-olds showed a U-shaped pattern. The present findings add to the evidence that child-initiated instruction might support preschoolers’ school readiness, although they also suggest this relation may not always be linear. They also point to the importance of examining instructional strategies in relation to student characteristics, in order to tailor strategies to the student population. The CAR has potential as a brief, practical measurement tool that can support program monitoring and professional development.


2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-287
Author(s):  
Nikita R.Nikam ◽  
◽  
Yogita M. Kolekar ◽  

Some ancient medications were used to make the hair care herbal shampoo powder. Organoglytics, powder characteristics, foam test, and physical evaluation were performed on Tulsi, Shikakai, Heena, Bahera, Amla, Neem, and Brahmi. Existing inspections will assist set standards and assessment criteria, which will undoubtedly aid to standardise the quality and purity of these herbal powder shampoos, due to the selection of drugs once the drugs are used together or jointly. We optimise the formula with the help of the Design of Experiments as per the Quality by Design approach. This paper illustrates broad theoretical as well as practical view of advanced screening design. In addition to the statistical concept‟s regression analysis, parato chart, residual diagnosis, main effect plot, interaction effect plot, design space and multiple response prediction.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0261317
Author(s):  
Sofie van Rongen ◽  
Michel Handgraaf ◽  
Maaike Benoist ◽  
Emely de Vet

Growing evidence suggests that relative disadvantage is more relevant than absolute socioeconomic factors in explaining disparities in healthfulness of diet. In a series of pre-registered experiments, we tested whether personal relative deprivation (PRD), i.e. the sense that one is unfairly deprived of a deserved outcome relative to others, results in choosing more palatable, rewarding foods. Study 1 (N = 102) demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of a game for inducing real-time experiences of PRD. Study 2 (N = 287) showed no main effect of PRD condition on hypothetical food choices, but an interaction between chronic PRD and condition revealed that those in the PRD condition chose more rewarding foods when feeling chronically deprived. In Study 3 (N = 260) the hypothesized main effect was found on real, non-hypothetical food choices: those in the PRD condition chose more rewarding foods, controlling for sensitivity to palatable food. Our results provide preliminary indications that the experience of being relatively deprived, rather than the objective amount or resources, may result in a higher preference for high-caloric and palatable foods. It may be suggested that efforts to reduce societal disparities in healthfulness of diet may need to focus on perceptions of injustice beyond objective inequalities.


Author(s):  
Hamza Marzouki ◽  
Ibrahim Ouergui ◽  
Bilel Cherni ◽  
Karim Ben Ayed ◽  
Ezdine Bouhlel

This study compared the effects of different sprint ball-based training programs on fitness-related performances in youth soccer players. Forty male players (age: 15.2 ± 0.6 yrs) participated in a short-term (8 weeks) randomized parallel fully controlled training study, with pre-to-post measurements. Players were randomly assigned to 3 sprint ball-based training groups: training with combined sprint (performing linear and change of direction sprints; CST), or using linear sprint (LST), or performing sprint with change of direction (CODT) and to a control group (CONT). Pre- and post-training players completed a test battery involving linear sprinting (10 and 20 m, and flying 10 m), 505 test (COD), 15 m test with ball (CODB), countermovement jump test (CMJ test) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). All physical performance’ variables improved after the training intervention (all p < 0.05; ES ≥ 0.2). No main effect of groups was observed in linear sprinting, CMJ and VO2max (p > 0.05; ES < 0.2). A training group main effect was found (p < 0.0001; ES = 0.50) for COD with CODT induced better performance than LST and CONT (all p <0.0001; ES > 0.8). Also, a training group main effect (p = 0.009; ES = 0.35) was found for CODB with CODT elicited better performance than LST and CONT (all p = 0.001; ES > 0.80). Our findings suggest that ball-based training programs were more effective to improve fitness levels in youth players during the in-season period and that CODT modality was more effective to improve COD and CODB performances.


2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Stevenson ◽  
Tadhg C. Ó Corcora ◽  
Christopher D. G. Harley ◽  
Tomasz K. Baumiller

Regrowth of body parts occurs in almost every phylum of the animal kingdom, but variation in this process across environmental, morphological, and behavioral gradients remains poorly understood. We examined regeneration patterns in feather stars – a group known for a wide range of morphologies and behaviors and up to a forty-fold difference in arm regeneration rates – and found that the variation in arm regeneration rates is best explained by swimming ability, not temperature, food supply, morphology (total number of arms and number of regenerating arms), or degree of injury. However, there were significant interactive effects of morphology on rates of regeneration of the main effect (swimming ability). Notably, swimmers grew up to three-fold faster than non-swimmers. The temperate feather star Florometra serratissima regenerated faster under warmer scenarios, but its rates fell within that of the tropical species suggesting temperature can account for intraspecific but not interspecific differences. We urge comparative molecular investigations of crinoid regeneration to identify the mechanisms responsible for the observed interspecific differences, and potentially address gaps in stem cell research.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIJAN LULIĆ ◽  
ZDRAVKO VIRAG

Abstract This study evaluated Doppler mitral inflow variables changes from rest to post-exercise among 104 subjects with and without echocardiographic evidence of ischemic response (IR) to exercise (63.9 ± 11 years, 54% male, 32% with IR) who underwent a clinically indicated treadmill stress echo (TSE) test. The time from exercise cessation to imaging (TIME) was recorded. The changes (after TSE minus baseline values) in the peak E-wave velocity (∆E) [34.2 vs. 24.2, p = 0.024] and E-wave deceleration rate (∆DR) [348.0 vs. 225.7, p = 0.010] were bigger in ischemic than in nonischemic subjects, while the changes in the peak A-wave velocity (∆A) did not differ [7.9 vs. 15.0, p = 0.082]. The correlations between Doppler variables and IR, TIME, and TIME*IR interaction were analyzed. We observed a significant interaction between TIME and IR regarding ∆E and ∆DR. The differences in the regression line slopes of time courses for ∆E and ∆DR based on IR were significant: ∆E (–0.09 vs. –8.17, p = 0.037) and ∆DR (11.23 vs. –82.60, p = 0.022). Main findings: 1. Time courses after exercise of ∆E and ∆DR in subjects with and without IR were different. 2. ∆E and ∆DR did not differ between subjects with and without IR at exercise cessation (TIME = 0). 3. The simple main effect of ischemia on ∆E and ∆DR was significant at TIME of ≥3 min. Divergent time courses of ∆E and ∆DR after exercise might be promising for detecting diastolic dysfunction caused by ischemia.


2022 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Ward ◽  
Alekya Menta ◽  
Virginia Ulichney ◽  
Cristiana Raileanu ◽  
Thomas Wooten ◽  
...  

Standing upright on stable and unstable surfaces requires postural control. Postural control declines as humans age, presenting greater risk of fall-related injury and other negative health outcomes. Secondary cognitive tasks can further impact balance, which highlights the importance of coordination between cognitive and motor processes. Past research indicates that this coordination relies on executive function (EF; the ability to control, maintain, and flexibly direct attention to achieve goals), which coincidentally declines as humans age. This suggests that secondary cognitive tasks requiring EF may exert a greater influence on balance compared to non-EF secondary tasks, and this interaction could be exaggerated among older adults. In the current study, we had younger and older adults complete two Surface Stability conditions (standing upright on stable vs. unstable surfaces) under varying Cognitive Load; participants completed EF (Shifting, Inhibiting, Updating) and non-EF (Processing Speed) secondary cognitive tasks on tablets, as well as a single task control scenario with no secondary cognitive task. Our primary balance measure of interest was sway area, which was measured with an array of wearable inertial measurement unit sensors. Replicating prior work, we found a main effect of Surface Stability with less sway on stable surfaces compared to unstable surfaces, and we found an interaction between Age and Surface Stability with older adults exhibiting significantly greater sway selectively on unstable surfaces compared to younger adults. New findings revealed a main effect of Cognitive Load on sway, with the single task condition having significantly less sway than two of the EF conditions (Updating and Shifting) and the non-EF condition (Processing Speed). We also found an interaction of Cognitive Load and Surface Stability on postural control, where Surface Stability impacted sway the most for the single task and two of the executive function conditions (Inhibition and Shifting). Interestingly, Age did not interact with Cognitive Load, suggesting that both age groups were equally impacted by secondary cognitive tasks, regardless the presence or type of secondary cognitive task. Taken together, these patterns suggest that cognitive demands vary in their impact on posture control across stable vs. unstable surfaces, and that EF involvement may not be the driving mechanism explaining cognitive-motor dual-task interference on balance.


2022 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shixiong Tang ◽  
Zhipeng Wu ◽  
Hengyi Cao ◽  
Xudong Chen ◽  
Guowei Wu ◽  
...  

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder which is associated with an accelerated biological aging. However, little is known whether such process would be reflected by a more rapid aging of the brain function. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that MDD would be characterized by accelerated aging of the brain’s default-mode network (DMN) functions. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 971 MDD patients and 902 healthy controls (HCs) was analyzed, which was drawn from a publicly accessible, multicenter dataset in China. Strength of functional connectivity (FC) and temporal variability of dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) within the DMN were calculated. Age-related effects on FC/dFC were estimated by linear regression models with age, diagnosis, and diagnosis-by-age interaction as variables of interest, controlling for sex, education, site, and head motion effects. The regression models revealed (1) a significant main effect of age in the predictions of both FC strength and dFC variability; and (2) a significant main effect of diagnosis and a significant diagnosis-by-age interaction in the prediction of FC strength, which was driven by stronger negative correlation between age and FC strength in MDD patients. Our results suggest that (1) both healthy participants and MDD patients experience decrease in DMN FC strength and increase in DMN dFC variability along age; and (2) age-related decrease in DMN FC strength may occur at a faster rate in MDD patients than in HCs. However, further longitudinal studies are still needed to understand the causation between MDD and accelerated aging of brain.


2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Cola ◽  
Lisa D. Yankowitz ◽  
Kimberly Tena ◽  
Alison Russell ◽  
Leila Bateman ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Autistic individuals frequently experience social communication challenges. Girls are diagnosed with autism less often than boys even when their symptoms are equally severe, which may be due to insufficient understanding of the way autism manifests in girls. Differences in the behavioral presentation of autism, including how people talk about social topics, could contribute to these persistent problems with identification. Despite a growing body of research suggesting that autistic girls and boys present distinct symptom profiles in a variety of domains, including social attention, friendships, social motivation, and language, differences in the way that autistic boys and girls communicate verbally are not yet well understood. Closely analyzing boys’ and girls’ socially-focused language during semi-structured clinical assessments could shed light on potential sex differences in the behavioral presentation of autistic individuals that may prove useful for identifying and effectively supporting autistic girls. Here, we compare social word use in verbally fluent autistic girls and boys during the interview sections of the ADOS-2 Module 3 and measure associations with clinical phenotype. Methods School-aged girls and boys with autism (N = 101, 25 females; aged 6–15) were matched on age, IQ, and parent/clinician ratings of autism symptom severity. Our primary analysis compared the number of social words produced by autistic boys and girls (normalized to account for differences in total word production). Social words are words that make reference to other people, including friends and family. Results There was a significant main effect of sex on social word production, such that autistic girls used more social words than autistic boys. To identify the specific types of words driving this effect, additional subcategories of friend and family words were analyzed. There was a significant effect of sex on friend words, with girls using significantly more friend words than boys. However, there was no significant main effect of sex on family words, suggesting that sex differences in social word production may be driven by girls talking more about friends compared to boys, not family. To assess relationships between word use and clinical phenotype, we modeled ADOS-2 Social Affect (SA) scores as a function of social word production. In the overall sample, social word use correlated significantly with ADOS-2 SA scores, indicating that participants who used more social words were rated as less socially impaired by clinicians. However, when examined in each sex separately, this result only held for boys. Limitations This study cannot speak to the ways in which social word use may differ for younger children, adults, or individuals who are not verbally fluent; in addition, there were more autistic boys than girls in our sample, making it difficult to detect small effects. Conclusions Autistic girls used significantly more social words than boys during a diagnostic assessment—despite being matched on age, IQ, and both parent- and clinician-rated autism symptom severity. Sex differences in linguistic markers of social phenotype in autism are especially important in light of the late or missed diagnoses that disproportionately affect autistic girls. Specifically, heightened talk about social topics could complicate autism referral and diagnosis when non-clinician observers expect a male-typical pattern of reduced social focus, which autistic girls may not always exhibit.


Author(s):  
Aviel Cogan ◽  
Tobias Pret ◽  
Melissa S. Cardon

While it is well-established that entrepreneurs benefit from social support, little is known about how and when instrumental and emotional support from household members facilitate entrepreneurial action and persistence. Through a longitudinal, qualitative study, we develop a conceptual framework that shows how social support from the household becomes an integral part of the everyday activities of entrepreneurs. In contrast to the perception of social support as static, our findings illustrate it as a dynamic, ongoing process which is core to business start-up and growth over time. We also challenge the perspectives that households are simply repositories of resources and entrepreneurs passive recipients of support by demonstrating that social support is necessarily interactive, whereby entrepreneurs and households play a collaborative role in entrepreneurship. Finally, we join the debate concerning mechanisms of social support by suggesting that the main effect model and buffering hypothesis are not contradictory, but are instead interdependent.


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