scholarly journals 0116 Opposing Effects of Sleep on The Misinformation Effect: Sleep Promotes and Prevents Memory Distortion

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A46-A46
Author(s):  
A J Day ◽  
K M Fenn
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Correct Recognition ◽  
Short Film ◽  
Misinformation Effect ◽  
Memory Distortion ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Opposing Effects

Abstract Introduction The effect of sleep on false memory is equivocal. In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott illusory memory paradigm, some work shows that sleep increases false recall whereas other work shows that sleep decreases false recognition. Given these ambiguous findings, we sought to investigate the effect of sleep on false memory using the misinformation paradigm. Methods Participants watched a short film depicting a home burglary, received misinformation about the film, and were tested on their memory for the film. The recognition test was given after a 12-hour retention interval that included either sleep or wake. We manipulated the time at which participants received misinformation. Half were given misinformation after encoding (before sleep or wake) and the other half were given misinformation after the retention interval (after sleep or wake). Results There was a main effect of condition on correct recognition; participants in the sleep group showed higher correct recognition than those in the wake group. On false memory, there was a main effect of timing of misinformation and an interaction between condition and timing of misinformation. That is, the effect of sleep on false memory depended on when misinformation was administered. If misinformation was given after the retention interval, false memory tended to be lower after sleep than wake whereas if misinformation was given before the retention interval, false memory tended to be higher after sleep than wake. Conclusion Sleep can both protect against and facilitate memory distortion depending on when misinformation is encountered. These results inform our understanding of consolidation processes. When consolidation acts on true memory alone, it strengthens that memory making it resistant to distortion. Conversely, when misinformation is presented before consolidation, sleep may integrate misinformation into memory for the true event, increasing distortion. This work has important theoretical implications for memory consolidation and important applied implications for interrogation practices. Support N/A

scholarly journals A Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) study of medication and CBT sequencing in the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley S. Peterson ◽  
Amy E. West ◽  
John R. Weisz ◽  
Wendy J. Mack ◽  
Michele D. Kipke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Smart Study ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Multiple Assignment ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Treatment Sequences

Abstract Background Treatment of a child who has an anxiety disorder usually begins with the question of which treatment to start first, medication or psychotherapy. Both have strong empirical support, but few studies have compared their effectiveness head-to-head, and none has investigated what to do if the treatment tried first isn’t working well—whether to optimize the treatment already begun or to add the other treatment. Methods This is a single-blind Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) of 24 weeks duration with two levels of randomization, one in each of two 12-week stages. In Stage 1, children will be randomized to fluoxetine or Coping Cat Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). In Stage 2, remitters will continue maintenance-level therapy with the single-modality treatment received in Stage 1. Non-remitters during the first 12 weeks of treatment will be randomized to either [1] optimization of their Stage 1 treatment, or [2] optimization of Stage 1 treatment and addition of the other intervention. After the 24-week trial, we will follow participants during open, naturalistic treatment to assess the durability of study treatment effects. Patients, 8–17 years of age who are diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, will be recruited and treated within 9 large clinical sites throughout greater Los Angeles. They will be predominantly underserved, ethnic minorities. The primary outcome measure will be the self-report score on the 41-item youth SCARED (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders). An intent-to-treat analysis will compare youth randomized to fluoxetine first versus those randomized to CBT first (“Main Effect 1”). Then, among Stage 1 non-remitters, we will compare non-remitters randomized to optimization of their Stage 1 monotherapy versus non-remitters randomized to combination treatment (“Main Effect 2”). The interaction of these main effects will assess whether one of the 4 treatment sequences (CBT➔CBT; CBT➔med; med➔med; med➔CBT) in non-remitters is significantly better or worse than predicted from main effects alone. Discussion Findings from this SMART study will identify treatment sequences that optimize outcomes in ethnically diverse pediatric patients from underserved low- and middle-income households who have anxiety disorders. Trial registration This protocol, version 1.0, was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov on February 17, 2021 with Identifier: NCT04760275.

scholarly journals Tacit Collusion with Consumer Preference Costs

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillem Roig
Keyword(s):  
Switching Costs ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Dominant Strategy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tacit Collusion ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
Lock In

Abstract When consumers have preference costs, two opposing effects need to be assessed to analyse the incentives of firms to set collusive prices. On the one hand, preference costs make a deviation from collusion less attractive, as the deviating firm must offer a large enough discount to cover the preference costs. On the other hand, preference costs lock in consumers and make punishment from rivals less effective. When preference costs are low, the latter of the two effects dominates and collusion is more challenging to sustain than in a situation with no preference costs. With high enough preference costs, collusion is a (weakly) dominant strategy. These results do not eventuate in a model with switching costs.

Pseudomemory Responding in Hypnotic, Task-Motivated and Simulating Subjects: Memory Distortion or Reporting Bias?

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Spanos ◽  
Ewy Bures
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Reporting Bias ◽  
Memory Distortion ◽  
Hidden Observer

Hypnotic, task-motivated and simulating subjects were administered a suggestion for a false memory (hearing noises) while “reliving” the events of an earlier night. Simulators reported the suggested noises more frequently than hypnotic subjects, and subjects in the three conditions failed to differ in endorsing the noises as real after termination of the “reliving” procedure. Subjects in the three conditions were also equally likely to reverse their pseudomemory reports following hidden observer instructions. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that pseudomemory responding in this paradigm reflects reporting bias rather than memory distortion.

scholarly journals Taguchi Optimization of Plasticisation Process for Glycerol and TEA Based Thermoplastic Mango Starch Biofilms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Chiedoziam Agwamba ◽  
Lawal G. Hassan ◽  
Achor Muhammad ◽  
Abdullahi M. Sokoto ◽  
Eric N. Agwamba
Keyword(s):  
Young Modulus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Factor ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Taguchi Optimization ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Interaction Plot

Abstract This investigation involves study of independent variable that influences the Young modulus of thermoplastic mango starch (TPS) as dependent response factor. The experiment was design using the Taguchi orthogonal technique with four independent variables; plasticiser type; glycerol (G), and Triethanolamine-(TEA) (T), percentage plasticiser (40 and 120 %), percentage carboxymethyl cellulose-CMC (10 and 50 %), and concentration of HCl (0.05 and 0.15 M). The result of the main effect plots for mean indicated that the gTPS-CMC1 with 268.85a MPa is a better outcome compared to gTPS-CMC3 with 280.31a MPa, since no significance difference was observed due to less composition requirement of CMC for gTPS–CMC1, making it more cost effective to produced with better optimum conditions. The interaction plot of the independent variables showed that for plasticiser types; when glycerol (G) was utilised a higher young modulus is observed than TEA (T) and only interacts with TEA (T) at 0.015 M HCl; 10 % CMC gives a higher response compared to 50 % CMC and showed no interaction even as the other independent variables fluctuates, and similar effect was observed for percentage plasticiser. Study concluded that the predicted mean (young modulus) is substantially consistent with the experimental observation (R2 = 0.6283).

Thinking of Critical Words During Study Is Unnecessary for False Memory in the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott Procedure

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 526-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Seamon ◽  
Ihno A. Lee ◽  
Sarah K. Toner ◽  
Rachel H. Wheeler ◽  
Madeleine S. Goodkind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
False Recognition ◽  
Critical Word ◽  
False Recall ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Overt Rehearsal ◽  
Critical Words

Do participants in the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott (DRM) procedure demonstrate false memory because they think of nonpresented critical words during study and confuse them with words that were actually presented? In two experiments, 160 participants studied eight visually presented DRM lists at a rate of 2 s or 5 s per word. Half of the participants rehearsed silently; the other half rehearsed overtly. Following study, the participants' memory for the lists was tested by recall or recognition. Typical false memory results were obtained for both memory measures. More important, two new results were observed. First, a large majority of the overt-rehearsal participants spontaneously rehearsed approximately half of the critical words during study. Second, critical-word rehearsal at study enhanced subsequent false recall, but it had no effect on false recognition or remember judgments for falsely recognized critical words. Thinking of critical words during study was unnecessary for producing false memory.

Celebrity

2017 ◽  
pp. 71-104
Author(s):  
Gian Maria Annovi
Keyword(s):  
Culture Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Film ◽  
Symbolic Form ◽  
Orson Welles ◽  
Celebrity Culture ◽  
The Media ◽  
Marilyn Monroe

Chapter Three discusses the conditions for the strategic branding of Pasolini’s authorship in the Italian media during the 60s, and his attitude to celebrity culture. In this chapter, I consider the idea of performing authorship in the terms of self-fictionalization and masquerade. In particular, in his short film La ricotta (The Ricotta, 1964), which represents the first example of the spectacularization of Pasolini’s authorship, he projects his authorial self onto the figure of American star director Orson Welles. An outsider of the studio system, Welles furnishes Pasolini a model for an auteur who persistently seeks out a performative mode, putting himself in play as the author alongside the other characters. At the same time, through the figure of this star director, Pasolini also expresses his uncompromising attitude toward celebrity culture and culture industry. In La rabbia (The Rage, 1963)—created through montages of unused film footage from a film archive—Pasolini uses another international star, Marilyn Monroe, to stage his ambivalence towards the role of his own representation in the media. For Pasolini, Monroe’s death becomes a tragic, symbolic form of subjective resistance and a protest against the conformist system of celebrity that they both confronted.

FREEZING DAMAGE TO BOVINE CREAM INDICATED BY RELEASE OF ENZYMES

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 821-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. N. Cole ◽  
D. Kluepfel ◽  
C. V. Lusena
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Membrane Material ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Main Effect

When washed cream was frozen slowly and thawed, some breaking of the emulsion occurred and on centrifugation a pellet, mostly membrane material, was obtained. Xanthine oxidase and alkaline phosphatase were present in this pellet, but little enzyme activity was found in the aqueous phase. The main effect of slow freezing was to force the fat globules together so that alteration and redistribution of the membranes could occur, and, on thawing, fat could coalesce. Rapid freezing on the other hand distributed fat globules more evenly so that less coalescence could occur on thawing.

FREEZING DAMAGE TO BOVINE CREAM INDICATED BY RELEASE OF ENZYMES

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 821-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. N. Cole ◽  
D. Kluepfel ◽  
C. V. Lusena
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Freezing Damage ◽  
Membrane Material ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Main Effect

When washed cream was frozen slowly and thawed, some breaking of the emulsion occurred and on centrifugation a pellet, mostly membrane material, was obtained. Xanthine oxidase and alkaline phosphatase were present in this pellet, but little enzyme activity was found in the aqueous phase. The main effect of slow freezing was to force the fat globules together so that alteration and redistribution of the membranes could occur, and, on thawing, fat could coalesce. Rapid freezing on the other hand distributed fat globules more evenly so that less coalescence could occur on thawing.

scholarly journals An fMRI Study on Self-Perception of Patients after Aesthetic Implant-Prosthetic Rehabilitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Cattoni ◽  
Giulia Tetè ◽  
Riccardo Uccioli ◽  
Fabio Manazza ◽  
Giorgio Gastaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Peak Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prosthetic Rehabilitation ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Virtual Planning ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

Objectives: In this functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) study, we investigated the activation of cerebral pathways involved in the elaboration of self-retracting photos (SELF) and the same pictures of others (OTHER). Each of the photographs showed one of the participants during different stages of the rehabilitation: pre-treatment (PRE), virtual planning using “Smile-Lynx” smile design software (VIR), and post-rehabilitation (POST). Methods: We selected eighteen volunteers, both male and female, between 22 and 67 years of age, who previously underwent prosthetic rehabilitation. Each of them was subjected to an fMRI acquisition. Various stimuli were then shown to the subjects in the form of self-retracting photographs and photographs of other participants, all in pseudo-randomized order. We then carried out a two- stage mixed-effects group data analysis with statistical contrast targeting two main effects: one regarding the main effect of Identity (SELF vs. OTHER) and the other regarding the effect of the prosthetic rehabilitation phase (PRE vs. VIR vs. POS). All the effects mentioned above survived a peak-level of p < 0.05. Results: For the effect of identity, results reported the involvement of dorsolateral frontoparietal areas bilaterally. For the phase by identity effect, results reported activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the right hemisphere. A stronger activation in observing self-retracting photos (SELF) post-treatment (POST) was reported compared to the other phases considered in the experiment. Conclusions: All the collected data showed differences regarding the main effect of Identity (SELF vs. OTHER). Most importantly, the present study provides some trend-wise evidence that the pictures portraying the subject in their actual physiognomy (POST) have a somewhat special status in eliciting selectively greater brain activation in the SMA. This effect was interpreted as a plausible correlate of an empathic response for beautiful and neutral faces. The present research suggests a possible way to measure self-perception of the subject after an appearance-altering procedure such an implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. However, future clinical studies are needed to investigate this matter further.

Effect of Relative Positions of Segments on Strength of the Mueller-Lyer Illusion

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1051-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive M. Davis ◽  
Marshall H. Segall
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relative Height ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Depth Cue

Segall, Campbell, and Herskovits (1966) postulated that the Mueller-Lyer illusion results from the misapplication of normally valid visual inference habits related to depth perception. To test the hypothesis that the depth cue of the relative height of the Mueller-Lyer segments in the visual field affects susceptibility, 100 Ss were presented two identical sets of 15 slides of Mueller-Lyer stimuli, one set with the >—–< above the <——> and the other set in the reverse orientation. Placement of the >—–< above the <—–> produced significantly greater illusion susceptibility, as predicted by the depth cue hypothesis. Females were more susceptible than males, but there were no interaction effects of sex with figure orientation or trials nor a main effect for trials. The results were interpreted as supporting an empiricistic explanation of the Mueller-Lyer illusion.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document